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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Cognition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
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Concept
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a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
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Prototype
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a mental image or best example of a category.
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Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
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Algorithm
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a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.
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Contrasts with the usually speedier--but also more error-prone--use of heuristics.
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Heuristic
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a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently.
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Usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
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Insight
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a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem
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Contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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Creativity
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the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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Confirmation Bias
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a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
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Fixation
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the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.
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Mental Set
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a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
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Functional Fixedness
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the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions an impediment to problem solving.
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Representativeness Heuristic
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judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.
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Availability Heuristic
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
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Overconfidence
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the tendency to be more confident than correct--to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.
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Belief Perseverance
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited.
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Intuition
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an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.
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Framing
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the way an issue is posed
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how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
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Language
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our spoke, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
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Phoneme
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in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
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Morpheme
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in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word
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such as a prefix
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Grammar
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in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
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Semantics
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the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also the study of meaning.
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Syntax
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the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
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Babbling Stage
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beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
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One-word Stage
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the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.
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Two-word Stage
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beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.
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Telegraphic Speech
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early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs.
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Linguistic Determinism
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Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
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