Ap Psych -- Unit 7

Front 1

The formation of a new conditioned response tendency.

Back 1

Acquisition

Front 2

A conflict situation in which a choice must be made between two unattractive goals.

Back 2

Avoidance learning

Front 3

A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

Back 3

Behavior modification

Front 4

A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program.

Back 4

Behavioral contract

Front 5

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Back 5

Classical conditioning

Front 6

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Back 6

Conditioned reinforcers

Front 7

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

Back 7

Conditioned response (CR)

Front 8

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

Back 8

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 9

Reinforcing every instance of a designated response.

Back 9

Continuous reinforcement

Front 10

A graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time.

Back 10

Cumulative recorder

Front 11

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response.

Back 11

Discriminative stimuli

Front 12

To draw out or bring forth.

Back 12

Elicit

Front 13

To send forth.

Back 13

Emit

Front 14

A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation.

Back 14

Escape learning

Front 15

Efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a UCS to a new CS.

Back 15

Evaluative conditioning

Front 16

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency.

Back 16

Extinction

Front 17

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed.

Back 17

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

Front 18

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses.

Back 18

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

Front 19

A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

Back 19

Higher-order conditioning

Front 20

The tendency for an animal’s innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes.

Back 20

Instinctive drift

Front 21

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Back 21

Instrumental learning

Front 22

A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Back 22

Intermittent reinforcement

Front 23

Learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs.

Back 23

Latent learning

Front 24

The principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened.

Back 24

Law of effect

Front 25

A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience.

Back 25

Learning

Front 26

Schizophrenic symptoms that involve behavioral deficits, such as flattened emotions, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention, and poverty of speech.

Back 26

Negative symptoms

Front 27

A type of learning that occurs when an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Back 27

Observational learning

Front 28

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Back 28

Operant chamber

Front 29

A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences.

Back 29

Operant conditioning

Front 30

A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time.

Back 30

Partial reinforcement

Front 31

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Back 31

Pavlovian conditioning

Front 32

Irrational fears of specific objects or situations.

Back 32

Phobias

Front 33

Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.

Back 33

Positive reinforcement

Front 34

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs.

Back 34

Primary reinforcers

Front 35

An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response.

Back 35

Punishment

Front 36

An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response.

Back 36

Reinforcement

Front 37

The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

Back 37

Reinforcement contingencies

Front 38

In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated.

Back 38

Resistance to extinction

Front 39

A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus.

Back 39

Respondent conditioning

Front 40

A specific presentation of reinforcers over time.

Back 40

Schedule of reinforcement

Front 41

Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Back 41

Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers

Front 42

The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

Back 42

Shaping

Front 43

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Back 43

Skinner box

Front 44

In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Back 44

Spontaneous recovery

Front 45

The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 45

Stimulus discrimination

Front 46

The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Back 46

Stimulus generalization

Front 47

In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli.

Back 47

Trial

Front 48

An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning.

Back 48

Unconditioned response (UCR)

Front 49

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning.

Back 49

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Front 50

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed.

Back 50

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

Front 51

A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses.

Back 51

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule