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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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introspection |
examination of ones conscious thoughts and feelings relying on their mental state |
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empiricism |
knowledhe comes from experience, so science should be based on observations and expirements |
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experimental psychology |
the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method (conducting experiments and tests) |
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Cognitive Neuroscience |
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (perception, thinking, memory, language) |
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Psychology |
the science of behavior and mental processes |
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basic research |
pure science that aim to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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applied research |
scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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hindsight bias |
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one should have foreseen it |
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critical thinking |
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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operational definiton |
a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables (ex: human intelligence is defined as what an intelligence test measures) |
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replication |
repreating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants or observations |
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population |
all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn |
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random sampling |
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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sampling bias |
putting subjects in certain groups in a bias fashion |
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biopsychosocial approach |
the integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and sociocultural levels of analysis |
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scatter plot |
a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variable. the sloope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amound of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation |
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psychometrics |
scientific study of human abilities, attitudes, and traits |
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illusory correlation |
the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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random assignment |
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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double blind procedure |
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are blind about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo |
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placebo effect |
expiremental results caused by expectations alone |
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normal curve |
a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean and fewer and fewer near the extreme |
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informed consent |
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to chose whether they wish to participate |
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debriefing |
the experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions to its participants |
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1st Psychological Labratory |
Wilhelm Wundt- Germany, 1879 -psychologies first experiment= sound and reaction to sound - increase in structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, and experiments |
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Structuralism |
-Edward Titchener -discover structural elements of the mind - used introspection - related sensations, images, and feelings to eachother |
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Functionalism |
-William James - connected body parts to their functions - encouraged exploration of down to earth emotions, memories, etc. |
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Nature vs. Nurture |
-experience or biology? -Natural selections -ex: gender differences, sexual behaviors, children's grammar |
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Psychodynamic Approach |
-unconscious needs, desires, memories, conflicts - traits from sexual and aggressive drives and unfulfilled wishes and childhood trauma |
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Behavioral Approach |
BF Skinner - source of action in environmental stimuli (observation--> behavior) - rewards and punishment |
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Evolutionary Approach |
behavior= genetic adaptations for survival and reproduction - ancestors |
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Biological Approach |
- cause of behavior --> genes, brain, nervous system, endocrine system |
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Cognitive Approach |
-mental processes- learning, memory and perception - thoughts and actions arise from interpretation |
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Humanistic Approach |
Maslow Carl Rogers human ability, growth potential, free will - actions are influenced by our self concept and need for personal growth and fulfillment |
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Social- Cultural Approach |
importance of social interactions social learning cultural perspective- influence of culture |
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Psychometrics |
studies measurement of abilities, attitudes, and traits |
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biological psychology |
links between the brain and mind |
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developmental psychology |
changing ability from womb to tomb |
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cognitive psychology |
how we percieve, think, and solve problems |
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educational psychology |
experiments with how we perceive, think, and solve problems |
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educational psychology |
studies influences on teaching and learning |
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personality psychology |
investigates our persistent traits |
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social psychology |
explores how we view and affect one another |
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industrial-organizational psychology |
uses psychology in the work place - train employees, boost moral, productivity, etc |
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Human Factors Psychology |
focuses on the interaction of people, machines, and physical environments |
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counseling psychology |
helps people cope with challenges and crises -academic, voational, and marital |
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psychiatrist |
often provides psychotherapy and are medical doctors, licensed to prescribe mental health related drugs -treats the physical cause of the psychological disorder |
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clinical psychologist |
assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavior disorders - administer and interpret tests - provides counseling and therapy - basic and applied research |
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case study |
examines one person in depth in hopes of making generalizations - pros: only one participant cons: may be misleading (individual is atypical) |
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survey |
technique for gathering the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group - pros: may be done fairly quickly and inexpensively -cons: people may not be entirely honest, and the wording of a question may cause people to answer differentlty |
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naturalistic observation |
observing and recording behavior in a naturally occurring situation - pros: not artificial setting and can be used when manipulating variables is unethical - cons: researcher has no control over the setting or events that occur |
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Correlational Research Method |
studies that show relationships between variables (between -1 and +1) - correlation does NOT equal causation |
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Expiremtal Research Method |
psychologists control other factors to isolate the cause and effect |
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Mode |
Most often occurring |
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Mean |
average |
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Median |
middle number |
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Variation |
how similar or diverse the scores are |
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range |
difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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standard deviation |
computed measure of how scores vary around the mean score |
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statistical signifigance |
statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance |
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ethical principles established by the APA |
1. get informed consent from participants 2. protect participants from harm and discomfort 3. maintain confidentiality 4. fully debrief participant -most use institutional review board |
