Ap Psych Social Psychology

Front 1

social psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of how we influence, think about, and relate to one and another

Front 2

attribution theory

Back 2

people usually attribute others behavior either to their internal dispositions or to their external situations

Front 3

Fundamental Attribution Error

Back 3

overestimating the influence of personality and underestimating the influence of situations

we tend to disregard the situation and leap to unwarranted conclusions about their personality traits

- individualistic nations do this more often

Front 4

Actor-Observer Bias

Back 4

own behavior to situational factor, but others to dispositional factor

Front 5

Attitudes

Back 5

feelings often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects,people, and events

our attitudes often predict our behavior when external influences are minimal ( no social pressures)

ex: if we believe someone is mean , we may feel dislike for the person and act unfriendly

Front 6

central route persuasion

Back 6

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

occurs often when people are analytical or involved in the issue

- more thoughtful, durable and more likely to influence behavior

Front 7

Peripheral route persuasion

Back 7

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a persons attractiveness

- snap judgements, superficial

Front 8

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 8

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

-start small and build

Front 9

Role

Back 9

a set of expectations(norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Front 10

Role-playing Phenomenon

Back 10

as you start acting out a role eventual you become the person

- ex: prison simulation

Front 11

Cognitive dissonance theory

Back 11

when we become aware that our attitudes and actions don't coincide we experience tension, and to relieve this tension we often bring our actions in line with our actions

- your pretense becomes your reality

Front 12

Chameleon effect

Back 12

unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones helps us feel what they are doing

Part of what creates empathy

-behavior is contagious and we are natural mimics

Front 13

Conformity

Back 13

adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard

- highest when the task is hard and important
-lowest when the task is easy and deemed important

- in individualistic countries conformity is less

Front 14

Conditions that strengthen Conformity

Back 14

- one is made to feel insecure
-the group has at least 3 people
-the group is unanimous
- one admires the group
-others in the group observe others behavior
-ones culture strongly encourages respect for social standards

Front 15

Normative Social Influence

Back 15

influence resulting from a persons desire to again approval or avoid disapproval

need to be liked (public)

Front 16

Informational Social influence

Back 16

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others opinions about reality

our need to be correct (private)

Front 17

Obedience

Back 17

following orders usually from people in position of authority

highest when:

- person in command is near
-the authority figure was supported by prestige
-the victim was depersonalized or at a distance
- the were no role models for defiance

Front 18

Social Facilitation

Back 18

the phenomenon of stronger performance in the presence of others; the stronger response on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

- hard task do the opposite

Front 19

Social Loafing

Back 19

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable


- people think they are less accountable and worry less about what others think

Front 20

Deindividuation

Back 20

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Front 21

Group polarization

Back 21

the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within a group

- occurs when a group discusses an idea that most of them agree or disagree with

Front 22

Groupthink

Back 22

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

- to perserve the good group feeling any dissenting view are suppressed

Front 23

Culture

Back 23

the behaviors,ideas,attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

-primates exhibit the rudiments of culture

Front 24

Norms

Back 24

rules for accepted and expected behavior

Front 25

Personal space

Back 25

the portable buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies - otherwise we feel uncomfortable

- different cultures have different norms

Front 26

Social Control

Back 26

the power of situation

Front 27

Personal Control

Back 27

the power of the individual

Front 28

Minority influence

Back 28

the power of one or two individuals to sway majorities

effective if the minority is unwavering (makes people reconsider opinions)

Front 29

Prejudice

Back 29

an unjustifiable (an usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feeling and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Front 30

Stereotype

Back 30

a generalized (sometimes accurate) belief about a group of people

Front 31

discrimination

Back 31

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Front 32

Us vs. Them: ingroup vs. outgroup

Back 32

dividing the world into "us"( ingroup ) and "them" (outgroup)

Front 33

Social Identities

Back 33

we associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast ourselves with others

Front 34

ingroup

Back 34

Us- people whom we share a common identity

Front 35

Outgroup

Back 35

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Front 36

ingroup bias

Back 36

the tendency to favor our own group

Front 37

scapegoat theory

Back 37

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Front 38

Other-race effect (cross-race effect or own-race bias)

Back 38

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Front 39

Just-World Phenomenon

Back 39

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

- good is rewarded and evil is punished

Front 40

Aggression

Back 40

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Front 41

Genetic influence of Aggression

Back 41

there may be a genetic marker that causes people to be more violent

(the y chromosome)

Front 42

Neural Influences on Aggression

Back 42

the brain has neural systems that when stimulated either inhibit or produce aggressive behavior

Front 43

Biochemical Influences on Aggression

Back 43

Hormones, alcohol and other substance in the blood influence the neural systems that control aggression

- high levels of testosterone (irritability assertiveness impulsiveness all linked to high testosterone)

Front 44

Frustration-aggression principle

Back 44

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression

Front 45

aggression-replacement program

Back 45

encouraging patents to reinforce desirable behaviors and to frame statements positively

Front 46

rape myth

Back 46

the idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being taken

Front 47

social scripts

Back 47

mental tapes for how to act provided by our culture

Front 48

catharsis hypothesis

Back 48

the idea that we feel better if we blow off steam by venting emotion s

Front 49

Proximity with attraction

Back 49

geographic nearness is friendships most powerful predictor

Front 50

Mere Exposure effect

Back 50

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking of them

Front 51

What causes Attraction

Back 51

1. proximity
2.Attractiveness
3. Similarity

Front 52

Passionate Love

Back 52

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Front 53

Companionate Love

Back 53

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Front 54

Equity

Back 54

a condition which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give it

Front 55

Self-Disclosure

Back 55

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to another

forms intimacy

Front 56

altruism

Back 56

the unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Front 57

diffusion of responsibility

Back 57

when more people shared responsibility for helping they are less likely to help

Front 58

bystander effect

Back 58

the tendency for a bystander to be less likely to give aid if in the presence of others

Front 59

Social exchange theory

Back 59

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize cost

- self-interest

Front 60

Reciprocity norm

Back 60

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Front 61

Social-Responsibility Norm

Back 61

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Front 62

Conflict

Back 62

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

Front 63

Social traps

Back 63

a situation where the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

we harm our collective well-being by pursuing our personal interests

Front 64

Mirror-image perception

Back 64

mutual view often help by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other as evil and aggressive

"them"- evil
"us" - good

Front 65

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Back 65

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

perceptions can become self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 66

Contact with groups

Back 66

putting two conflicting parties in close contact can help if it is noncompetitive and both groups have equal status

Front 67

superordinate goals

Back 67

shared goals that overrode their difference and that could be achieved only through cooperation

Front 68

GRIT

Back 68

GRADUATED AND RECIPROCATED INITIATIVES IN TENSION-REDUCTION

a strategy designed to decrease internal tensions

Front 69

Self-handicapping

Back 69

avoid effort in hopes of avoiding perceived failure

Front 70

Door-in-the-face technique

Back 70

asking for a large commitment and being refused then asking for a smaller commitment

Front 71

Lowball technique

Back 71

getting commitment from a person than raising the cost of commitment

Front 72

That's-not-all technique

Back 72

the persuader makes an offer then adds something extra to make the offer look better before the target person can make a decision

Front 73

Public Compliance

Back 73

giving an answer they didnt believe because it was the socially desirable thing to do

Front 74

Private Acceptance

Back 74

The participants used other peoples responses as evidence about reality and change their minds

Front 75

Task Group

Back 75

group of individuals brought together to accomplish a specific action or produce a product

Front 76

Interact group

Back 76

people oriented and focus on more socialization

Front 77

Leadership

Back 77

process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others to accomplish a task

Front 78

Great person Theory

Back 78

Capacity for leader is inherent

Front 79

Behavioral theory

Back 79

a leader is made not born

Front 80

Risky (choice) Shift

Back 80

when placed in a group dynamic humans then to make decisions and form opinions that are more extreme than when alone

Front 81

Causal Crowd

Back 81

large gatherings of people that happen to be in the same place

Front 82

Conventional crowd

Back 82

people who come together for a scheduled event and share a common focus

Front 83

Expressive Crowd

Back 83

opportunities for the expression of a strong emotion

Front 84

Acting Crowd

Back 84

collective so intensely focused on a specific purpose or objective that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior (mob, riot)

Front 85

Culture Shock

Back 85

feel disorientated and uncertain or even fearful when immersed in an unfamiliar culture

Front 86

Rumors

Back 86

an unverified account or explanation of events circulating from person to person and pertaining to an object event or issue in public concern

Front 87

Allport Phase of Rumors

Back 87

1. Flattening - taking out unimportant details
2. Sharpening- enhances specific details
3. assimilation - takes the story and makes it fit in our shared mental framework

Front 88

Fad

Back 88

any form of behavior that develops among a large population that is collectively followed with enthusiasm for some time

Front 89

Craze

Back 89

an enthusiasm for a particular activity or object that typically achieves widespread but short-lived popularity

Front 90

Mass Hysteria

Back 90

the spontaneous manifestation of the same or similar hysterical physical symptoms by more than one person