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40 Cards in this Set
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Roger Wolcott Sperry
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Neurobiologist and neuropsychologist who, along with David Hubel, won a nobel prize for his research involving patients who had gone through split-brain surgery. He won the award in 1981, and this technique is used as a treatment for eplipetic seizures.
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Paul Broca
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French surgeon and anthropologist who is recognized for his research of Broca's area, located in the frontal lobe which influences speech production.
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Wilder Penfield
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Canadian neurosurgeon who discovered various techniques in surgery regarding patients with sever epilepsy. His technique specialized in that it destroyed cells in the brain where eplipepsy occure. He also recognized the connection between physical parts of the brain and limbs in the body. He 'laterized brain function' as some colleagues have said.
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Hanna Damasio
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Director of the Dornsife Neuroimaging Center in Southern California; known for her research and discoveries involving cognition and emotion and links between them. Has won numerous prizes for her work in cognitive neuroscience.
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Shepard and Metzler
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Discovered that humans the mental ability, by their 1971 experiement, to rotate mental representations of 2D and 3D objects. This phenomenon is called mental rotation, and the discovery "showed that the reaction time for partipants to decide if the pairs of images matched or was not linearly proportional to the angle of rotation from the original position."
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Stephen Kosslyn
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American surgeon specialized in cognitive neuroscience and psychology; known for his research and theories in involving mental imagery; he publicized his theory that imagery is one uniform process, but a collection and combination of four different processes that can produce different imagery "results". Expriments were done by MRIs.
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William James
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American philosopher who belived that the experience of emotion arises from bodily expression. This is almost the same theory that James Lange proposed and was published in James work 'The Principles of Psychology' Also the author of 'the Varieties of Religious Experience' and 'Pragmatism'
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Sigmund Freud
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Austrian neurologist and beginner of the field of psychoanalysis. His theories deemed to characterize the structure of the human mind, human attitudes, behaviors, the origins of civilization, and mental disorders. His famous works include 'The Interpretation of Dreams' and 'On Dreams'. His ideas are controversial to the present day.
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Crick and Mitchison
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Proposed the theory of "reverse learning" which involved dreams; this theory states that the ability to reverse actions mentally and its analyzation occured during the REM stage of sleep. According to him model, dreaming is a way of 'reverse learning' or 'unlearning'
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Hobson and McCarley
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Harvard students who proposed the theory of activation-synthesis hypothesis which says that neurons in the brain randomly activate during REM sleep. According to this theory, this happens when the cortex of the brain tries to analyze or find meaning in dreams.
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Ivan Pavlov
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Doctor known for research on the conditioned reflex. His experiment involved a dog's ability to salivate and it's continual movement in the stomach. He found that with repeated use of a bell that meant food which made the dog salivate would also work when it was treated as a false alarm. Winner of the Nobel Prize in 1904.
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John Watson
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Founder of the Behavioral school of psychology. He studied the effects of conditioning in children and his famous experiment conditioned a child named Little Albert to fear furry, white objects.
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B.F. Skinner
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Proposed theories that further specialized Pavlov's work involving operant behavior. Conducted experiments which used the 'skinner box' and published 'The Behavior or Orgasisms' and 'Walden Two'
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David Remark
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Professor at the University of Pennsylvania who developed a new theory of reinforcement, which says that the most probable response in any pair of responses can influence and contribute to the statistics involving the less probable response. Also states that reinforcement is a relative and not absolute property.
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Wolfgang Kohler
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German psychologist who contributed to Gestalt psychology by disbelieving in introspection, and that there were inaccuracies in research due to the fact that so many people experienced this phenomenon. Consciousness in these people could not be divided into parts like fellow colleagues believed, according to his theories.
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Albert Bandura
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Researcher who focused on observational learning and said that children learn certain behaviors by watching others. His famous experiment involving Bobo dolls showed that children did not need punishment or reward to learn.
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Jean Piaget
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Expert in child psychology who argued that children develop thinking capacity in stages and that their individual reponses to these stages are connected to genetically determined timetables. His theories led people to believe and accept that children ponder the world around them and are capable of learning without aid.
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Daniel Schacter
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American psychologist and professor at Harvard University whose research has involved memory and amnesia. His studies discovered differences in conscious and unconscious memory systems.
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Atkinson and Shiffrin
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Proposed the Atkinson & Shiffrin, often called the multi-store or three-level memory model which divides memory into three stages: short term memory, sensory memory, and long term memory.
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Brenda Milner
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Canadian psychologist who has greatly influenced research in the field of clinical neuropsychology. She studied the role of the hippocampus and its effects on storage in individual memory systems.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacial effect. Explained the learning curve (how fast one learns information) and effects in speech such as the human's natural tendency to attach emotional meaning to syllables to make them more 'valuable'.
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Loftus and Palmer
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Conducted studies on memory and misinterpretation involving memory; these theories and experiments largely had to do with the criminal justice/law enforcement departments and had results never previously known/studied.
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Noam Chomsky
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MIT professor who had astounding theories regarding language, including that humans are born with an essential language aquisition 'device' that allows them to aquite language skills easily; also led to the decline in belief of behavioral psychology ideas regarding language.
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Edward C. Tolman
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American psychologist known for his strongly behavioral theories. A 1946 experiment "demonstrated that rats that had explored a maze that contained food while they were not hungry were able to run it correctly on the first trial when they entered it having now been made hungry"
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Charles Darwin
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Naturalist from Great Britain known for theories involving evolution and evolutionary psychology (such as ways in which animals and humans adapt to their environment and circumstances to more effectly reproduce in a population and ultimately, survive)
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Paul Ekman
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Expert researcher in emotion and nonverbal communication, made famous by his experiments involving the physiology of the human face and related emotions.
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Joseph LeDoux
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Professor of neuroscience and neurobiology at New York University. His research involves finding connections between memory and emotional and the responses/mechanisms of anxiety and fear within the human body.
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James-Lange Theory
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The idea that people experience emotion because they perceive their body's physiological responses to external events.
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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The idea that the experience of emotion happens at the same time that physiological arousal happens.
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Stanley Schachter
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Along with Jerome Singer, developed the two-factor theory of emotion, which believes that emotions come from both psychological stimuli and the cognitive interprepation of that stimuli.
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Daniel Goleman
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Psychologist and Science Journalist who developed extensive theories on Emotional Intelligence. His work was on the NY Times Best Seller list for 10 years and he currently researches social intelligence, which in his opinion and along wth EQ, can be as important in IQ in society and the workplace.
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Julius Rotter
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Developer of theories such as locus of control and the social learning theory. His locus of external and internal control theories, which are defined as people's perception of whether or not they have control over certain circumstances of their lives, are widely used in modern psychology.
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Abraham Maslow
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Behavioral psychologist who believed human needs and their actual necessities can be measured in a ladder-like way. According to his theory, basic needs include food, oxygen and water and 'top-tier' needs included one's desire to reach their full potential. He believed humans could achieve the higher needs only when their lower needs were satisfied.
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Alfred Kinsey
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Researcher who studied sex and shocked the American public through his publication of 'Sexual Behavior in the Human Male' in 1948.
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Erik Erikson
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Key researcher in the process of development through the life span; proposed a theory that people go through eight unique stages of development. Both of his works, 'Childhood and Society' and 'Ghandi's Truth' won the Pulitzer prize and National Book Award.
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Important psychologist in studies of moral psychology and education. He argued that people go through stages of moral judgment and backed up his evidence through observations in society and past commonly-believed philosophies.
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Konrad Lorenz
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Austrian zoologist who studied instintive behavior in animals and their process of imprinting, commonly found in many birds including the Canada Goose.
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Mary Ainsworth
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Developmental psychologist who observed the relationship between a child and its caregiver. She developed a process in 1970 which observed these attachements.
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John Bowlby
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British psychologist and psychoanalyst who's notable works include those involving the theory of attachment (the bond between a child and its caregiver) and its appearance in children aged 2 mo. - 6 years.
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Steven Pinker
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A cognitive scientist and linguist who is known for his theory of language aquisition (process by which humans learn to acquire and perceive language) and the theory that human cognition works because of symbol manipulation, along with other processes, not simply combined sensory features as most commonly believed.
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