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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What three men have proven hindsight bias?
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Slovic, Fischof, and Wood
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How Slovic, Fischof, and Wood proven hindsight bias?
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Gave half of members of a group some purporte dpsycholgoical findings and the other half the opposite results; both groups explained the results
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How often are students confident about their plans and how often are they correct?
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Confident 84% of the time and correct 79% of the time
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How often are experts confident and how often are they correct?
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Confident 80% of the time and correct 40% of the time.
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What did James Randi test?
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Auras by asking people if they could tell where they were behind a wall based on the aura
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What are the three basic steps of the scientific method?
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Make observations, form theories, refine theories in light of new observations
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What is an operational definition?
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Statement of the procedures used to define research variables, that allows others to replicate their observations
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When is a theory useful?
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If it: 1. effecitvely organizes a range of self-reports and observations and ; 2. implies clear predictions that anyone can use to check the theory or to derive practical applications
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What are the three different types of research?
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Descriptive, correlational, and experimental
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What type of research is a survey?
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Descriptive and correlational
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Give an example of unrepresentative statistics.
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Shere Hite's book, Women and Love; said 70% or women married 5 years or more were having affairs and 95% felt emotionally harrassed by the men they love, when actually only 1 in 7 actually reported having an affair in their current marriage
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What did Andrew Whiten and Richard Byrne witness through naturalistic observation?
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Repeatedly saw one yhoung baboon pretending to have been attacked by another as a tactic to get its mother to drive the other baboon away from food.
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What does a correlation coefficient show?
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The extend to which two things relate; tells nothing about cause and effect
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Give two examples of how correlation coefficient can show a relationship, but not cause/effect
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Among men, length of marriage correlates positively to hair loss, because both are associated with age; people who wear hats are more likley to suffer skin cancer, because both are associated with fair-skinned ppl.
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What percent of ppl. repeat a digit in the lottery?
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14%
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Who won the lottery twice?
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Evelyn Marie Adams
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What is Persi Diaconis's quote?
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"The really unusual day would be one where nothing unusual happens."
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Where are the three goals of experimenters?
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Manipulate an independent variable, measure the dependent variable, and control all other variables
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Are averages derived from scores with high or low variability more reliable?
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Low variability
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Why does standard deviation better gauge whether scores are packed together or dispersed?
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It uses information from each score
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What does statistical significance indicate?
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The likelihood that a result will happen by chance. (It does not indicate the importance of the results.)
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Is the purpose of an experiment to re-create the exact behaviors of everyday life?
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No; the purpose is to test theoretical principles
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Describe three similarities that transcend cultural barriers.
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1. People diagnose with dyslezia exhibit the same brian malfunction; 2. all languages share deep principles of grammar; 3. same factors contribute to loneliness
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What is Roger Ulrich's quote?
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"We cannot defend our scientific work with animals on the basis of the similarities between them and ourselves and then defend it morally on the basis of differences."
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How many animals are used in research?
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30 million
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How many animals does the average person eat every year?
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20 animals
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What percent of psychology's studies involved animals?
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7%
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Researchers argue that in studying animals, it is not the morality of good versus, but ____ vs. ____.
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compassion for animals vs. compassion for people
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What percent of animal researchers support government regulations protecting primates, dogs, and cats?
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98%
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What percent of animal researchers support regualtions providing for human care of rats and mice?
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74%
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What are the 4 suggestions that the APA and British Psychologicla Society make to investigators?
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1. Obtain informed consent of potential participants
2. Protect them from harm and discomfort 3. Treat information about individual participants confidentially 4. Fully explain the research afterwards |