Ap Psych Important People

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Charles Darwin

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British naturalist, established the theory of evolution that had a significant influence on early development of psychology and the evolutionary perspective of psychology.

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Established the first psychology research labroratory.

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William James

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Worked with Wundt, played a key role in establishing psychology in the United States. He emphasized studying the purpose, or function of behavopr and mental experiences.

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G. Stanley Hall

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Established the first psychology research lab in the United States.

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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Established the psycholgical lab at Wellesley College and was the first elected female president of the American Psychological Association.

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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Known for her work in animal behavior, as well as being the first American woman to be awarded a Ph.D in psychology.

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Sigmund Freud

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One of the most influential thinkers of the 20th century. Founded the psychoanalytic school of psychological thought and developed a theory of personality that emphasized the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and thought process and disorders. Dreams provide insight into unconscious motives and childhood experiences influence adult personality.

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John B. Watson

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One of the founders of the school of behaviorism.

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Paul Broca

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Discovered the speech production center of the brain. Today it is known as Broca's area.

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Carl Wernicke

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Discovered that damage to an area of the left temporal lobe can cause deficits in language comprehension. Today it is known as Wernicke's area.

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Roger Sperry

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Best known for his research of split brain patients and that the right and left hemispheres have specialized functions that differ from each other.

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Michael Gazzaniga

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Continued Sperry's work and discovered how the two hemispheres of the brain work together.

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Ernst Heinrich Weber

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Discovered the just noticeable difference, today it is known as Weber's law.

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Gustav Fechner

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Discovered that mental processes can be measured.

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David Hubel

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His research on feature detectors helped demonstrate the presence of specialized neurons in the occipital lobe's visual cortex that have the ability to respond to specific features of an image.

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Torsten Wiesel

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His work with Hubel expanded the scientific knowledge of sensory processing and perception.

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Ernest Hilgard

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Known for his research on hypnosis and pain control. Theory: that a hypnotized person experiences a special state of dissociation or divided consciousness.

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Ivan Pavlov

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Designed experiments for studying and formulating the principles of classical learning.

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John Garcia

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Developed the theory of taste aversion.

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Robert Rescorla

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His experiments refined Pavlov's principle that classical conditioning occurs simply because two stimuli are closely associated in time.

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Edward L. Thorndike

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Conducted the first systematic investigations of animal behavior. His famous law of effect states that responses followed by a satisfying outcome are more likely to be repeated, while responses followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

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B.F. Skinner

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Developed the theory of operant conditioning.

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Edward Tolman

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Believed that behavior is a complex chain of stimulus- response connections that is strengthened by a rewarding consequence.

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Wolfgang kohler

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One of the founders of the Gesalt school of psychology. Also developed the theory of problem insight by studying chimps.

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Albert Bandura

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Best known for his "Bobo Doll" experiments that illustrated the role of modeling in human behavior.

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George A. Miller

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Developed the theory of short term memory is limited to seven items plus or minus two.

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Herman Ebbinghaus

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Conducted pioneering research on forgetting. His famous forgetting curve shows a rapid loss of memories of relatively meaningless information, followed by a very gradual decline of the remaining information.

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Elizabeth Loftus

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Her research on the misinformation effect demonstrated that eyewitness testimony is often unreliable and can be altered by simply giving a witness incorrect post-event information.

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Noam Chomsky

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Argued that young children possess an innate capacity to learn and produce speech.

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Abraham Maslow

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The founder of the humanistic school of psychology. Maslow's famous hierarchy of needs begins with basic physiological and safety needs, and then ascends to belongings and self-esteem.

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Stanley Schachter

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Best known for his two factor theory of emotions, which states that our emotions depend on physical arousal and a cognitive labeling of that arrousal. Ex: if you cry after breaking up with your boyfriend, it would be labeled as sadness. If you cry at your sister's graduation, it would be labeled as happiness.

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Hans Selye

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Known for his study of stress.

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Alfred Kinsey

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Known for his work on human sexuality.

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Mary Ainsworth

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Devised a resarch procedure called the Strange Situation to observe attachment relationships between infants and their mothers. Based on their behavior, Ainsworth labeled the infants as either securely attached (well adjusted, successful social situations) or insecurely attached (shallow relationships, withdrawn).

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Harry Harlow

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Best known for his work on maternal separation, dependency needs, and social isolation, which manifested the importance of care giving and companionship in social and cognitive development.

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Konrad Lorenz

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Founder of ethology, the comparative study of animal behavior. and their natural surroundings. he also developed the theory of imprintings and aggression. He concluded that the mechanism inhibiting aggression works less well in humans than among other species.

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Jean Piaget

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Known for his work with children, developed the theory of cognitive development called "genetic epistemology." He placed great importance on the education of children.

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Lev Vygotsky

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Emphasized how culture and social interactions with parents and other significant people influenced a child's cognitive development. Children learn their culture's habits of mind through a process he called internalization.

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Diana Baumrind

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Best known for her work on parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.

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Erik Erikson

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known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings.

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Lawrence Kohlberg

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Used hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral reasonings. Theory of the stages of moral devlopment.

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Carol Gilligan

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Known for critique of Kohlberg's theory of moral development because of his lack of use of women in developing his theory.

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Alfred Adler

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founder of the school of individual psychology, his emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority, called the inferiority complex, is recognized as isolating an element which plays a key role in personality development.

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Carl Jung

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Developed the concept of the collective unconsciousness, included shared human experiences embodied in myths and cultural archetypes.

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Carl Rogers

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Developed the theory of self concept, believed that people are motivated to achieve their full potential or self actualize.

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Paul Costa and Robert Mccrae

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Personality theorists best know for their work in the FIve Factor Model"

Openess

Conscientiousness

Extroversion

Agreeableness

Neuroticism

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Francis Galton

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Had a passion for applying stats to the variations in human abilities. Developed the statistical concept of correlation and was the first to demonstrate that the "normal distribution" could be applied to intelligence.

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Charles Spearman

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Known for his work in stats, a pioneer of factor analysis and his rank correlation coefficent. Also for his work on human intelligence and the g factor.

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Robert Sternberg

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Best known for his triarchic theory of intelligence, analytic, creative and pratcial intelliegences.

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Howard Gardner

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Known for his theory of mutliple intelligences.

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Alfred Binet

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Invented the first usable intelligence test, made an important distinction between a child's mental and chronological ages.

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Lewis Terman

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Inventor of the Standford Binet IQ test.

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David Wechsler

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Developed a series of widely used intelligence tests. He determined how far a person's score deviates from a bell shaped normal distribution of scores. This form of test is used today.

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Dorothea Dix

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Documented the deplorable conditions of how states care for their insane poor. Her single minded zeal helped persuade state legislatures create the first generation of American mental hospitals.

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Albert Ellis

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Developing the principles and procedures of rational-emotive therapy. He helped his clients dispute irrational beliefs and replace them with more rational interpretations of events.

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Aaron Beck

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Regarded as the father of cognitive therapy. This theory is used to treat clinical depression.

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Mary Cover Jones

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Conducted pioneering research in applying behavioral techniques to thearpy. She is called the "mother of behavior therapy."

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Joseph Wolpe

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Perfected the technique for treating anxiety producing phobias that he named systematic desentivation.

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Leon Festinger

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perhaps best known for cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. His theories and research are credited with repudiating the previously dominant behaviorist view of social psychology by demonstrating the inadequacy of stimulus-response conditioning accounts of human behavio

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Philip Zimbardo

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He became known for his 1971 Stanford prison experiment.

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Solomon Asch

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One of the pioneers in developing social psychology as an academic discipline. It provided a demonstration of how individuals respond to sical pressures and expectations of others.

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Stanley Milgram

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Known for his famous and controversial study of obedience to authority.