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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Limits of Intuition |
Human intuition is inaccurate and has errors. |
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Hindsight Bias |
People look back and think that an outcome was obvious all along. |
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Overconfidence |
People usually show more confidence about outcomes than is actually shown. |
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Theory |
An explanation that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. |
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Hypothesis |
A testable prediction. |
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Operational Definition |
Specify the exact procedure and conditions (it is measurable and manageable). |
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Independent Variable |
The one the experimenter changes or alters. |
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Dependent Variable |
Affected by or depends on the independent variable. |
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Experimental Group |
The group in which an independent variable is applied. |
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Control Group |
The group is treated the same, but not given the independent variable. |
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Experimental Method |
Research in which all conditions are controlled and/or manipulated. |
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Controls |
Things you keep constant in a study. |
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Samples |
A small group of participants out of the total available. |
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Representative Sample |
A good # and cross section of your total population. |
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Random Sample |
Every person has an equal chance of getting picked.
(Done before experiment, process of choosing the research participants.) |
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Stratified Sample |
Subgroup of the population are represented proportionally. |
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Random Assignment |
Placement into experiment or control group. Each participant has an equal chance of being placed in any group. |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Observes subjects in natural setting without interfering.
Pros- Subjects may act more natural, no bias.
Cons- You can't control all variables. |
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Case Study |
Intense observation/research on one or more participants.
Pros- More details, rare situations provide new info.
Cons- No comparison, researcher bias. |
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Surveys |
Info obtained by asking a fixed set of questions.
Pros- Cheap, easy, mass amounts of data
Cons- Huge bias by how questions asked. |
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Longitudinal Study |
Following a group of participants over a # of years.
Pros- Tons of data, broad spectrum
Cons- Expensive, participation (drops out) |
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Cross-Sectional Studies |
Info collected from various age groups of participants.
Pros- Less expensive, faster
Cons- They're not the same people being studied. |
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Correlation |
A measure of the extent of two factors varying together and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. |
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Mean |
The average. |
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Mode |
The score that occurs more often than others. |
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Median |
Measure of central tendency for a distribution. |
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Histogram |
A bar graph decipiting a frequency. |
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Range |
The difference between the highest distribution and the lowest scores in distribution |
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Standard Deviaton |
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. |
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Normal Curve |
A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data. |
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Placebo Effect |
Given a placebo the patient believes it's working. |
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy |
Researcher's experiment's influence the person's own behavior and thereby influence the participants behavior. |
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Single Blind Experiment |
Participants are unaware of who is receiving the treatment. |
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Double Blind Experiment |
Participants and researcher are unaware of who is receiving the treatment. |
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Ethics |
Methods of conduct or standard for the proper and responsible behavior. |
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4 Basic Principals in Human Research |
1. Informed consent. 2. The right to be protected from harm and discomfort. 3. The right to confidentiality. 4. The right to debriefing. |
