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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Learning
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A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience
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Associative Learning
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Learning that certain events occur together, the events may be two stimuli or a response and it's consequences
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Classical Conditioning
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A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli
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Behaviorism
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The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental process
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Unconditioned Response
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In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth
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Unconditioned Stimulus
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In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response
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Conditioned Response
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In classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus
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Conditioned Stimulus
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In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevent stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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Acquisition
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The initial stage in classical conditioning, the phase associating the neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response
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Extinction
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A diminishing of a conditioned response, occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus
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Spontaneous Recovery
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The reappearance after a rest period of an extinguised conditioned response
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Generalization
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The tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
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Discrimination
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In classical conditioning, the learned ability to destinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
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Operant Conditioning
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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Respondent Behavior
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Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.
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Operant Behavior
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Behavior that operates on the enviornment, producing consquences.
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Law of Effect
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Thorndike's principle that behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors follow by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
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Operant Chamber (Skinner box)
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A chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attatched devices to record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research.
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Shaping
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An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal.
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Reinforcer
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In operant conditioning, any event that strenghtens the behavior it follows.
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Primary Reinforcer
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An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
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Conditioned Reinforcer
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A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.
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Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement
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Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower aquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement.
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Fixed-Ratio Schedule
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In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.
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Variable-Ratio Schedule
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In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.
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Fixed-Interval Schedule
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In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.
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Variable-Interval Schedule
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In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.
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Punishment
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An event that decreases the behavior it follows.
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Cognitive Map
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A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
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Latent Learning
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
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Overjustification Effect
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The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.
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Intrinsic Motivation
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A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective.
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Extrinsic Motivation
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A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment.
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Observational Learning
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Learning by observing others.
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Modeling
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Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.
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Mirror Neurons
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Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy.
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Prosocial Behavior
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Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The oppisite of antisocial behavior.
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