Ap Nsl Bureaucracy

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Definition: Budgetary Powers and the Appropriations Committee

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Congress authorizes budget of agency. Congress Appropriates money. Most Powerful committee.

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Definition: Create, Destroy or Reorganize Agencies

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Congress has the power to create and destroy agency through laws. The president proposes reorganization - congress has to confirm

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Definition: Confirming presidential Appointments

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This is congresses ability to confirm peopl that the president appoints into posistion

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Definition: Legislative Veto

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Reapeal by congress of federal agency or presidental action; unconstitutional; congress can't do anything without the approval of the presidentl still occurs

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Definition: Congressional (committee) investgations

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There are investigations that congress runs to know what is going on in the white house; Congress can investigate anything they feel important

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Definition: Executive Orders

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rules or regulations issued bu the president that has the effect of the law can implement and give effect of provisions in constitution treaties statues

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Two Bosses of the Bureaucracy

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Congress and the President

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Definition of a Bureaucracy

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a large complex organization composed of appointed or hired officials in charge of carrying out specific duties assigned by the government

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It is implied that the bureaucracy can be created through:

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-congresses passes laws that must be enforced
-Congress sets the budget
-President must execute the laws

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Direct Ggrowth

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The number of people who work directly for the national government
- Since the 1940s- remained constant

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Indirect Growth

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The number of people who work indirectly for the National government
-Has gone up since the 1940s

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16th amendment

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Creates the income tax; allows for a more steady stream of income for the national government; gives the government the revenue stream needed to take on more responsibilities

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Discretionary Power of the Bureaucracy

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a bureaucrat's ability to choose a course of action and to make policies not spelled out in advance in laws

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Delegated powers of the Bureaucracy

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The power directly given to a specific bureaucratic agency by congress

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Excepted service

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Bureaucratic jobs excepted from the OPM exams; agencies that have own policies and specific exams

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Presidential Patronage/cronyism

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system based on factors other than merit. Usually loyalty. Mondey or who one knows

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Pendelton civil service act (1883)

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Created the modern federal civil service system where jobs are based on merit and not patronage

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Charles Guiteau

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Disgruntled office seeker who kills President James Garfield when he refuses to name him to a patronage job; Event helps push the pendelton civil service act through

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Firing a bureaucrat

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its hard to fire a bureaucract once probationary period is over; insures agency point of view and culture develop

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Agency Point of view/ culture

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Lifetime bureaucrats adopt the agenda and goals of the agency over time and become biased defenders of the agency

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Why agency point of view develops

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cannot be fired; recruited and trained by agency; can lead to problems

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Hatch act (1939)

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Law attempts to insulate the beruaucracy from politics; prevents bureaucratic agencies from engaging in blatant partisan election activity that could support one candidate

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Constraints on the Bureaucracy

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hinderances that public bureaucratic agengies have to deal with that a private bureaucracy does not; No one agency it totally incharged of a job

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General constraints

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Administrative procedure act (1946), Freedom of information act (1966), national environmental policy act (1969)
Privacy act (1974)

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Administrative procedure act (1946)

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before an agency adopts a new rule/ regulation they must hold a public hearing

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Freedom of information act (1966)

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citizens have the right to inspect all government records except those containing military intel or trade secrets; meant to make the actions and reasoning of government more transparent

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National environmental policy act

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agencies must issue environmental statements on the impact policy may have on the environment

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Privacy Act (1974)

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Government files about individuals are to be kept secret (social security, etc)

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Red Tape

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Complex rules and procedures needed to accomplish a goal

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Imperialism

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agencies that grow without regard to benefit

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Congressional Oversight

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congress creates agencies; congress passes statutues that control the actions and authority of the agency; senate confirms heads of agencies; power of the purse

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power of the purse

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congress authorizes the budget of the agency: congressional budget office (CBO) and budget committees

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House appropraitions committee

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arguably the most powerful committee in congress; since its recommendations on appropriations are usually approved; power is lessing

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Overriding a presidential veto

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2/3 vote of both housesl; congress can overide a presidential veto and congress can create new agencies and laws for the bureacracy

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Presidental oversight of the bureaucracy

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Appoints head of agency with approval of the senate

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Office of Budget and Management (OMB)

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prepares the presidents budget and presents the first draft of the budget to congress

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Implementors

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Bureaucrats have to make congressional laws and executive decisions into specific regulators

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Interpretors

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Some laws are vague and sometimes there is disagreement over what the law means; bureaucrats then have to interpret the law in effect taking part in quasi-lawmaking

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Coordinators

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coordinates parts of government to implement

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Iron Triangles

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iron clad alliance of interest groups congressional committees and bureaucratic agencies that dominate a polict area they depend on each other for information and support; control the policy making process of an issue and make it harder fro groups outside of the triangle to influence policy

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Issue Networks- Expanded Iron Triangles

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includes meadia, academic experts and many interest group leaders

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Interest Groups

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an organization of people with shared policy goals that enter the polict procress at several points to try to achieve those goals

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Factions

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James Madison explained that factions were inevitable in a free socirety. Interest groups are a form of factions

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Weakness of Modern Political Parties

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Many argue that modern political parties are weakening and interest groups are taken the place of political parties

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Why are the interest groups taken the place of political parties

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Party ID Declining, interest froups are better at representing specific desires of voters, Soft monet illegal, growth of Pacs, growth of 527 groups

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Factors in the delevopment of specidic interest groups

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economic development- changes in the economy led to new jobs which in turn created new interest groups either for the businesses created or the industries workforce
Professional societies established- professional societies develop into interest groups
Social Movements: lead to the creation of interest groups

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Major Types of Interest Groups

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Business, agricultural, environment, equality, membership

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Business interest groups

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Interest groups that represent business interests either for a entire industry or for one business EX: NAM National Organization of Manufacturars

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Agricultural Interest groups

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ntil the 20th Century most Americans were farmers and even though this is not true anymore farming is still an important interest group EX: National Farmers Union

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Environment Interest Groups

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Groups that want to protect the environment EX: Sierra Club

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Equality/ Social Interest Groups

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Groups that help to promote equality and social change EX: NAACP

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Membership Interest groups

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Groups that represent an issue and depend on attracting memners for their strength EX: AARP

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Targets of Interest Groups

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The president and the executive Branch, congress (committees) and judiciary (Indirectly and least effective)

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Lobbying

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The actions interest groups take to influence policy makers

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Lobbyist

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A citizen who on behalf of a cause tries to influence the actions of a policymaker; experts in their fields

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Number one techiniques used by lobbyist

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giving technical information

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Techniques used by lobbyists

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-Private meetings with officials
-testimony at committee hearings
-helping bureaucrats and lawmakers to write legislation
-media use

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Litigation

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Going to Court

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Class Action Lawsuits

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A lawsuit where one party sues on behalf of a class of people EX: Brown v Topeka board of education - NAACP Took the case of Linda Brown to the supreme court to challenge the constitutionality of segregation

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Amicus Curiae

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A petition used by a third party not directly involved in a case that allows the third party to explain their position on the case

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Biggest strength of an Intreset group

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Public support, members

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Litigation

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Going to Court

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Class Action Lawsuits

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A lawsuit where one party sues on behalf of a class of people EX: Brown v Topeka board of education - NAACP Took the case of Linda Brown to the supreme court to challenge the constitutionality of segregation

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Biggest strength of an Intreset group

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Public support, members

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Outsider strategy

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Concept that refers to the efforts of interest groups to influence policy buy creating pressure on officials from outside of the inner workings of government EX: Grassroot

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Grassroot campaigning

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interest groups asking members to phone, write, email fax politicians to influence them

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Insider Strategy

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Opposite of the outsider strategy; occurs when a lobbyist directly communicates with a government official inside of the government