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190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Perfect Authentic Cadence
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Consists of a V-I chord progression
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Imperfect Authentic cadence
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Any authentic cadence that is not a PAC
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Deceptive Cadence
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The ear expects a V-I but instead hears a V-?
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Half Cadence
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Ends with a V chord but can be preceded by any other chord
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Phrygian Half Cadence
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iv6-V in minor
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Plagal Cadence
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IV-I chord progression- "Amen"
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Augmented triad:
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Consists of two major thirds
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Diminished triad
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consists of a minor third, and a diminished fifth above the root
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Major triad
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consists of a root, a major third, and a perfect fifth above the root
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Minor triad
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consists of a root, a minor third, and a perfect fifth
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Major seventh chord
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consists of a major triad plus a seventh above the root
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Major-minor seventh chord
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consists of a minor triad plus a major seventh
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Minor seventh chord
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any seventh chord where the third note is a minor third above the root
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Half-diminished seventh chord
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consists of a root, a minor third, diminished fifth, and minor seventh of any major scale
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Fully diminished seventh chord
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consists of a diminished triad plus a diminished seventh (major 6th) above the root
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Tonic
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the first note in a musical scale
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Supertonic
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the second scale degree
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Mediant
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the third scale degree, the middle note of the tonic triad
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Subdominant
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fourth scale degree, a fifth below the tonic
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Dominant
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fifth scale degree
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Submediant
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sixth scale degree
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Subtonic/ leading tone
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seventh scale degree
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Circle of fifths
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shows the relationshipe among the twelve tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys
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Deceptive progression
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V-VI
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Harmonic rhythm
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the rate at which chords change
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Modulation
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changing from one key to another
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Common tone modulation/ pivot chord modulation
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moves from original key to destination key by way of a chord both keys share
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Phrase modulation
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No transition material after cadence ends original key
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Neighboring chord
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a chord conjunct to the original one
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Figured bass
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the bass part accompanied by numbers to indicate the chords to be playe
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Retrogression
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going from a complex phrase to a more simple one
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Secondary dominant
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notes not in the scale, but dominant chords of the scale
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Tonicization
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making a chord its tonic
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Anticipation
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a note played before the chord to which the note belongs and resolves when the "anticipated" chord is reached
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Appoggiatura
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a type of accented incomplete neighbor tone approached bye leap and resolved stepwise
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Escape tone
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is approached stepwise from a chord tone and resolved by leap in the opposite direction
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Neighbor tone
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passes stepwise from a chord directly above or below it and resolves to the same chord tone
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Passing tone
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a nonchord tone prepared by a chord tone a step above or below it and resolved by continuing in the same direction stepwise to the next chord tone
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Pedal point
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the tonic or dominant is held through a series of chord changes
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Preparation
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precedes the non chord tone
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resolution
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comes after the non chord tone
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retardation
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a suspension that resolves upwards
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suspension
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a harmony shifts from one chord to another, but one or more notes of the first chord are either temporarily held over into or played again against the second chord before resolving to a chord tone stepwise
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Alto
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the second-highest voice
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Bass
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the lowest voice
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Close position
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When the tones of a chord are one octave or less
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Doubling
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two voices on the same pitch
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First inversion
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the root is the highest note of the chord
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Inversion (general)
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the root is not in the bass
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Open Position
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the tones of the chord span more than an octave
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Root
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the fundamental note of the chord that the chord is based on
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Root position
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when the root is the bass
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Soprano
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the highest voice
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Tenor
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the second-lowest voice
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Third inversion
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only exists when there are four notes in the chord. In this case, the 7th is the bass of the chord
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Common tone
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a note that is in the scale of one key and the consequent transposed key as well
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Contrary motion
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two melodic lines moving in opposite direction
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Cross relation
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Chromaticism between two notes- dissonance
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Crossed voices
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A higher voice has a lower pitch than a lower voice or vice versa
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Direct fifths/octaves
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Two voices move in the same direction and land on a fifth/octave
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Oblique motion
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one melodic line moves while the other remains on the same pitch
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Voice overlapping
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the lower voice crosses where the upper voice previously was
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Parallel motion
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voices move in the same direction, keeping the same interval between them
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Parallel intervals
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two or more voices move in the same intervals in the same direction
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Objectionable parallels
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two voices move bye contrary motion from one harmonic interval to the same harmonic interval. Parallel fifths/ octaves must not occur. An octave to a unison has the same effect
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Parallel fifths/octaves
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Two voices move in the same direction while they are a 5th or 8ve apart from each other
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Similar motion
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Two melodic lines move in the same direction, but the intervals between them change
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Tendency tone
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a note that is a half step away from from another note, and is dependent
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Unresolved leading tone
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the seventh scale degree doesn't resolve to one
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Voice exchange
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two or more voice's parts are exchanged (i.e. alto has the melody)
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Arpeggio
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a broken chord where the notes are played in sequence
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Chromatic
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half step intervals
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Consonance
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a stable harmony, chord, or interval. it is aurally pleasing
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Dissonance
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an unstable harmony, chord, or interval
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Flatted fifth/augmented fourth
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intervals that are six steps apart from each other on the piano, "devil's music"
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Lead sheet
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music notation that specifies the melody, harmony, and lyrics
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Picardy third
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raising the third of a minor triad by a semitone in order to create a major third
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Resolution
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the move of a note from dissonance to consonance
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Compound interval
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an interval larger than an octave
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Inversion of an interval
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inverting the low note of an interval
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Tritone
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spans three whole tones, it is an augmented fourth and is enharmonic to a diminished fifth
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Unison
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intervals has two notes on the same pitch
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Whole step
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a major second
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Antiphonal
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music performed in alternating parts, call and response, echoes, rounds
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Articulation
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performance technique that affects the transition or continuity of a single note or between multiple notes or sounds
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Arco
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the hair of the bow of string instruments is to be used again (after a rest or plucking)
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Legato
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the notes are played/sung smoothly and connected
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Marcato
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a type of staccato with a short sfz
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Pizzicato
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plucking the strings of a string instrument
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Slur
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the notes are to be played/ sung without separation
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Staccato
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space between notes
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Tenuto
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note should be held out its full length
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Call and response
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different musicians play two distinct phrases; the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or response to the first
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Dynamics
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the volume of a note
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Crescendo
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a passage or music where the volume gradually increases
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Diminuendo
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a passage of music where the volume gradually decreases
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Terrace dynamics
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sudden dynamic changes with no crescendo or diminuendo
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Pianissimo
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very soft
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Piano
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soft
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Mezzo piano
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moderately soft
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Mezzo forte
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moderately loud
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Forte
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loud or strong
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Fortissimo
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very loud
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Improvisation
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on the spot musical composition
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Phrase
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a unit of musical meter that has a complete musical sense of its own
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Tempo
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the speed or pace of a given piece
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Adagio
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at ease-66-76 beats per minute
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Allegro
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Fast and bright-120 to 168 beats per minute
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Andante
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Walking speed-76 to 108 beats per minute
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Andantino
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slightly faster than andante (walking speed)
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Grave
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slow and solemn tempo
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Largo/lento
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very slow-40 to 60 beats per minute
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Moderato
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moderately fast-108 to 120 beats per minute
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Presto
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very fast-168 to 200
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Vivace
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lively and fast-around 140
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Accelerando
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speeding up
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Ritardando
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slowing down
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Ritenuto
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slightly slower
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Rubato
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free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes
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Accent
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emphasis placed on a particular note
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Anacrusis
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notes that precede the first downbeat in a bar (pickup notes)
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Asymmetrical meter
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measures cannot be divided into equal beats (i.e. 5/8)
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Augmentation
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lengthening or widening of rhythms, melodies, intervals, or chords
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Bar line
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line that separates measures
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Beat
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the basic time unit of music, the pulse
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Changing meter (multimeter)
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more than one meter per song
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Cross rhythm/polyrhythm
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two or more independent rhythms occurring simultaneously
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Diminution
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shortening of rhythms, melodies, intervals, or chords
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Dotted rhythm
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a note plus half of it
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Duplets
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are used in compound time to divide beats into two parts
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Duration
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the length of a note/rest
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Hemiola
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two bars in simple triple time are articulated as if they were three bars in simple duple time
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Irregular meter:
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measure is divided into three or more parts, or two uneven parts
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Note value
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indicates duration of note
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Swing rhythm
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music played with near-triplet timing
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Syncopation
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rhythms irregularly spaced on the strong and weak beats of the meter
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Tempo
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the speed or pace of a given piece
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Tie
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a note is connected to another note of the same pitch in order to prolong its value
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Time signature
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specifies how many beats per measure and which note value constitutes one beat
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Triplet
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three notes are spread evenly across the beat
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Accidental
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a note that is not a member of the scale indicated by the key signature
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Chromaticism
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a technique that intersperses diatonic pitches with other pitches of the chromatic scale
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Diatonic scale
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"white note scale"
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Key signature
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a series of sharp or flat symbols placed on the staff that designates notes that are to be consistently played one semitone higher or lower than the equivalent natural notes unless otherwise noted by an accidental
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Parallel key
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major and minor scales that share a tonic
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Pentatonic scale
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scale with five pitches per octave (sounds like the beginning of "My Girl")
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Relative key
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major and minor scales that share a key signature
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Tetrachord
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four tones filling the interval of a perfect fourth
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Tonality
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relationships are based on a tonic
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Tonic
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the first note of a musical scale in the tonal method of musical composition
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Whole-tone scale
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scale where each note is separated by a whole step
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Lyrics
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a set of words that make up a song
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Melismatic
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singing one syllable of text while singing several notes
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Stanza
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a verse of a song
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Syllabic
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the pattern of syllable formation in a particular language
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Alberti bass
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a kind of broken chord or arpeggiated accompaniment where the notes of the chord are presented from low to high to middle to high, then repeated
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Canon
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a melody that has one or more imitations of that melody played after a given duration
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Canonic
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variations may also introduce a difference in starting pitch between the voices
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Chordal accompaniment
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playing the chords of a piece of music to accompany the melody
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Contrapuntal
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two or more independent voices in a piece of music
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Heterophony
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variation on a single melodic line
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Homophony
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two or more parts move together in harmony and their relationship creates chords
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Instrumentation
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the particular combination of musical instruments employed in a composition
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Brass
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instrument made of metal where sound is produced by vibration of air in a tube, created by the vibration in the player's lips
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Percussion
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an object that produces sound by being hit, shaken, rubbed, scraped, or vibrated in any other way
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Rhythm section
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establishes the rhythmic pulse of a song, can consist of bass, percussion, piano, guitar, etc.
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Woodwind
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produces sound when the player blows air against the edge of a reed causing the air within its resonator to vibrate (except for flutes)
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Melody
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the sequence of pitches of and durations heard most prominently in a piece
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Monophony
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a melody with no harmony
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Obbligato
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a musical line that is indispensable in performance
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Ostinato
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a motif or phrase that is repeated throughout a piece of music
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Polyphony
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two or more independent melodic voices
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Register
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the relative "height" or range of a note, set of pitches or pitch classes, melody, part, instrument, or group of instruments. A higher register indicates a higher pitch
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Solo/soli
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a part of the music meant for one player or a small, specific group of players to perform
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Tessitura
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the most comfortable range for an instrument or voice to perform in
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Tutti
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everyone plays together
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Walking bass
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a bass line which creates a feeling of regular quarter note movement, akin to the regular steps one takes while walking
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Aria
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Melodic solo song of reflective character, often with a contrasting middle section
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Art song
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a vocal music composition, usually written for one voice with piano or orchestral accompaniment. Most art songs' lyrics are based off poems
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Concerto
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is a composition usually in three parts or movements, in which usually one solo instrument is accompanied by an orchestra.
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Fugue
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a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts
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Genre
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identifies music as belonging to a particular type or category of music that is distinguishable from other types
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Interlude
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a short piece inserted between the parts of a longer composition
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Opera
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singers and musicians perform a dramatic work combining text and musical score
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Prelude
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an introduction to succeeding movements of a work that are usually longer and more complex
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Postlude
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the final part of a piece
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Sonata
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a piece "played" as opposed to being sung
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Song
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a piece of music for accompanied or unaccompanied voices
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String quartet
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a piece written to be performed by four string instruments, usually a viola, cello, and two violins
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Symphony
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an extended musical composition, scored almost always for orchestra
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