A&p Muscular System (Insertions & Origins)

Front 1

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Back 1

Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell

Front 2

Myofilaments

Back 2

Long protein fibers within a muscle cell

Front 3

Skeletal muscle organization

Back 3

Myofiber -> Myofibrils -> Myofilaments

Front 4

Myofibril

Back 4

Bundle of myofilaments

Front 5

Myofilaments

Back 5

Long proteins
Actin & Myosin

Front 6

Myosin

Back 6

Thick myofilament

Front 7

Actin

Back 7

Thin myofilament

Front 8

Ratio of actin:myosin in skeletal muscle

Back 8

2:1

Front 9

Sarcomere

Back 9

Basic unit of contraction in the myofiber

Front 10

Myofiber contraction

Back 10

Actin attached to protein fibers at each end (Z disc)
Actin slides over mysosin, sarcomere shortens
Each myofiber contains many sarcomeres joined end-end

Front 11

Z disc

Back 11

Region of the sarcomere that myofilaments are inserted to.

Front 12

Myosin globular heads

Back 12

Extensions off main myosin protein structure
Form cross-bridges with surrounding actin filaments
Used to pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere

Front 13

Myofiber contraction - mechanical

Back 13

1. Myosin globular heads are put in the "cocked" position (requires ATP)
2. Calcium is released and binds to troponin
3. Tropomyosin moves and uncovers binding sites on actin
4. Myosin globular heads cross-bridge with actin
5. Myosin globular heads release (de-cock) and pull actin towards the center of the sarcomere (Power Stroke)

Front 14

Myofiber contraction - switch components

Back 14

1. Signal travels from brain along neurons to muscle
2. Signal reaches the muscle
3. Space between motor neuron and sarcolemma
4. Area of sarcolemma on the other side of the synapse

Front 15

Motor End Plate

Back 15

Area of sarcolemma on the other side of the synapse (receives signal)

Front 16

Synapse

Back 16

Space between neuron and sarcolemma

Front 17

Motor Neuron

Back 17

Neurons that connect to myofibers (all skeletal muscles must have one)

Front 18

Neurotransmitter for skeletal muscle

Back 18

acetylcholine

Front 19

Neuromuscular junction

Back 19

Unit made of:
End of a motor neuron
Synapse
Motor End Plate

Front 20

Muscle contraction

Back 20

1. Signal sent from the brain to myofiber
2. Motor neuron activated, causing release of acetylcholine into the synapse
3. Acetylcholine moves into the sarcoplasm
4. Acetylcholine causes Ca(2+) ions stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum to be released into the sarcoplasm
5. Increased Ca(2+) concentration in sarcoplasm allows for cross-bridging between actin and myosin

Front 21

Troponin

Back 21

Protein that is bound to actin and also to tropomyosin.

Receives Ca(2+) ions, which causes troponin to change shape.

Front 22

Tropomyosin

Back 22

Protein that is bound to actin and also to troponin.

Covers cross-bridging sites on Actin

Linked to troponin. When troponin changes shape, it moves tropomyosin away from the cross-bridging site

Front 23

Muscle relaxation - requirements

Back 23

1. Signal from motor neuron must stop
2. Acetylcholine must be broken down
3. Ca(2+) ions must be moved back in SR from the sarcoplasm

Front 24

Acetylcholine breakdown

Back 24

Done by enzyme found in sarcolemma called acelycholinesterase

Broken down into Acetyl CoA and Choline

Front 25

Ca(2+) ion transport

Back 25

Ca(2+) ions moved back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Done by enzymes in SR
Against concentration gradient (requires ATP)

Front 26

Areas where ATP is used in muscle contraction

Back 26

1. Cock myosin globular heads
2. Release the myosin globular head from actin
3. Move Ca(2+) ion back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
4. Generate signals through motor neurons

Front 27

Skeletal muscle ATP supply

Back 27

1. Stored glycogen in muscle cells
2. Have own myoglobin (to carry extra O2)
3. Extensive blood supply (to get glucose & oxygen)

Front 28

Oxygen debt

Back 28

amount of oxygen needed to get rid of the lactic acid buildup that occurs during anaerobic conditions

Front 29

Lactic acid cycle

Back 29

1. Muscle cells undergo anaerobic respiration, producing lactic acid
2. Lactic acid stored in muscle cells until activity is stopped
3. Lactic acid transported to liver
4. Liver converts lactic acid into pyruvate and then pyruvate is converted to glucose (requires ATP)
5. Oxygen is needed to make the ATP required to metabolise lactic acid

Front 30

Types of muscle fibers

Back 30

Type I - Slow-twitch, oxidative
Type II - Fast-twitch, glycolitic
Type IIa - Fast-twitch, oxidative

Front 31

Slow-twitch muscles

Back 31

Conserves ATP
Found in muscles needed for endurance

Front 32

Fast-twitch muscles

Back 32

Uses ATP quickly
Found in muscles that provide fast, quick movements

Front 33

Oxidative muscles

Back 33

Energy pathway to make ATP
Multiple mitochondria
Always aerobic (uses glycolysis / citric acid cycle / electron transport)

Front 34

Glycolitic muscles

Back 34

Energy pathway to make ATP
Fewer mitochondria
Always anaerobic

Front 35

Type I muscle fibers

Back 35

Slow-twitch, oxidative

Resistant to fatigue
Multiple mitochondria
High level of myoglobin
Extensive blood supply
Referred to as "red" fibers

Front 36

Type I muscles - examples

Back 36

Quads/hamstrings of marathon runners
Postural muscles for standing
Pectoral muscles of migratory birds

Front 37

Type II muscle fibers

Back 37

Fast-twitch, glycolytic

Easily fatigues
Few mitochondria
Low level of myoglobin
Less blood supply
Referred to as "white" fibers

Front 38

Type II muscles - examples

Back 38

Muscles of hand/eye
Leg muscles of predators/sprinters

Front 39

Type IIa muscle fibers

Back 39

Fast-twitch, oxidative

Intermediate type of fibers (Hybrid)
Resists fatigues
More mitochondria
Intermediate level of myoglobin
Moderate blood supply

Front 40

Type IIa muscles - examples

Back 40

Seen when muscle fibers are being "trained" (one type is converted to another)

More prevalent in animals than humans

Front 41

Types of muscle contraction

Back 41

Isometric
Isotonic

Front 42

Isometric muscle contraction

Back 42

Muscle generates force,
Sarcomeres DO NOT change length

Front 43

Isotonic muscle contraction

Back 43

Muscle generates force
Sarcomeres DO change length

(2) Types of Isotonic contractions:
A. Concentric
B. Eccentric

Front 44

Concentric isotonic contractions

Back 44

Sarcomeres shorten

Front 45

Eccentric isotonic contractions

Back 45

Sarcomeres lengthen

Front 46

Origin

Back 46

immovable end of a muscle

Front 47

Insertion

Back 47

movable end of a muscle

Front 48

Prime mover

Back 48

Muscle primarily responsible for movement

Front 49

Synergists

Back 49

Muscle that assists prime mover

Front 50

Antagonist

Back 50

Muscle that resists prime mover's action and cause movement in the opposite direction

Front 51

Flexion

Back 51

angle decreases between bones on either side

Front 52

Extension

Back 52

angle increases between bones on either side

Front 53

Adbuction

Back 53

Moving a part away from the midline

(as if that structure were "abducted" from the body)

Front 54

Adduction

Back 54

Moving a part towards the midline

("adding" that structure back to the body)

Front 55

Rotation

Back 55

Moving a part around an axis

Front 56

Dorsiflexion

Back 56

Movement at the ankle that brings the toes closer to the tibia

Front 57

Plantar flexion

Back 57

movement at the ankle that brings the heel closer to the tibia

Front 58

Frontalis - location

Back 58

Over the frontal bone

Front 59

Frontalis - function

Back 59

Raises the eyebrows

Front 60

Occipitalis - location

Back 60

Over the occipital bone

Front 61

Occipitalis - function

Back 61

Connected to the frontalis by tendonous membrane

Aids the frontalis

Front 62

Temporalis - location

Back 62

Over the temporal bone of skull

Front 63

Temporalis - function

Back 63

aids in chewing

Front 64

Buccinator - location

Back 64

Side of cheeks

Front 65

Buccinator - origin

Back 65

Mandible, maxilla

Front 66

Buccinator - insertion

Back 66

angle of mouth

Front 67

Buccinator - function

Back 67

aids in chewing, blowing air out

Front 68

Platysma - location

Back 68

From upper chest to jaw

Front 69

Platysma - origin

Back 69

CT in the upper chest

Front 70

Platysma - insertion

Back 70

inferior edge of the mandible

Front 71

Platysma - function

Back 71

pulls angles of mouth down

Front 72

Masseter - location

Back 72

cheeks (posterior)

Front 73

Masseter - origin

Back 73

Inferior edge of zygomatic bone

Front 74

Masseter - insertion

Back 74

Mandible

Front 75

Masseter - function

Back 75

Prime mover in mastication

Front 76

Zygomaticus Major - location

Back 76

cheek

Front 77

Zygomaticus Major - function

Back 77

pulls the corner of the mouth upward

Front 78

Trapezius - location

Back 78

Upper back

Front 79

Trapezius - function

Back 79

Rotates, raises or lowers Scapula

Front 80

Rhomboid - location

Back 80

Upper back - below trapezius

Front 81

Rhomboid - function

Back 81

Retracts, elevates & rotates Scapula

Front 82

Levator scapulae - location

Back 82

posterior neck and shoulder

Front 83

Levator scapulae - origin

Back 83

cervical vertebrae

Front 84

Levator scapulae - insertion

Back 84

Medial edge of scapula

Front 85

Levator scapulae - function

Back 85

Elevates scapula

Front 86

Serratus anterior - location

Back 86

posterior ribs

Front 87

Serratus anterior - function

Back 87

Pulls Scapula anteriorly & downward

Front 88

Pectoralis major - location

Back 88

Upper chest

Front 89

Pectoralis major - function

Back 89

Flexes & Adducts

Front 90

Muscles that move the arm

Back 90

Pectoralis major
Lattismus dorsi
Deltoid

Front 91

Muscles that move the pectoral girdle

Back 91

Trapezius
Rhomboid
Levator scapulae
Serratus anterior

Front 92

Latissimus dorsi - location

Back 92

flanks to lower back

Front 93

Latissimus dorsi - function

Back 93

Extends, Adducts, Rotates
Pulling arms down & back
“Rowing” motion

Front 94

Deltoid - location

Back 94

shoulder

Front 95

Deltoid - origin

Back 95

Scapula & clavicle

Front 96

Deltoid - insertion

Back 96

Humerus

Front 97

Deltoid - function

Back 97

Abducts, Extends & Flexes

Front 98

Deltoid - parts

Back 98

Anterior (flexes)
Middle (abducts)
Posterior (extends)

Front 99

Muscles that move the forearm

Back 99

Insertion on the ulna/radius
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Triceps brachii
Supinator
Pronator teres

Front 100

Biceps brachii - location

Back 100

anterior arm

Front 101

Biceps brachii - origin

Back 101

Scapula - 2 points

Front 102

Biceps brachii - insertion

Back 102

Radius

Front 103

Biceps brachii - function

Back 103

Flexion and lateral rotation of the forearm

Front 104

Brachialis - location

Back 104

anterior, distal arm

Front 105

Brachialis - function

Back 105

Flexion of forearm

Front 106

Brachioradialis - location

Back 106

lateral, proximal, anterior forearm

Front 107

Brachioradialis - origin

Back 107

Distal humerus

Front 108

Brachioradialis - insertion

Back 108

Distal radius

Front 109

Brachioradialis - function

Back 109

Flexes

Front 110

Triceps brachii - location

Back 110

posterior arm

Front 111

Triceps brachii - origin

Back 111

Scapula & humerus - 3 points

Front 112

Triceps brachii - insertion

Back 112

Olecranon process of ulna

Front 113

Triceps brachii - function

Back 113

Extends

Front 114

Supinator - location

Back 114

proximal lateral forearm

Front 115

Supinator - function

Back 115

laterally rotates

Front 116

Pronator teres - location

Back 116

anterior proximal, medial forearm

Front 117

Pronator teres - function

Back 117

medially rotates

Front 118

Gracilis - origin

Back 118

Inferior edge of the pubic bone

Front 119

Gracilis - Insertion

Back 119

Medial surface of the tibia

Front 120

Biceps femoris - origin

Back 120

Ischium, femur

Front 121

Biceps femoris - insertion

Back 121

Head of the fibula, lateral condyle of tibia

Front 122

Biceps femoris - function

Back 122

flexion and lateral rotation of leg, extends thigh

Front 123

Sartorius - origin

Back 123

anterior ilium

Front 124

Sartorius - insertion

Back 124

Medial surface of tibia

Front 125

Sartorius - function

Back 125

Flexes leg & thigh, abducts and rotates thigh

** crosses 2 joints **
** flexes 2 structures **
Longest muscle in the body

Front 126

Rectus femoris - origin

Back 126

illium, margin of acetabulum

Front 127

Rectus femoris - insertion

Back 127

Anterior tibia (over patella)

Front 128

Rectus femoris - function

Back 128

Extends the leg

Front 129

Tibialis anterior - origin

Back 129

Lateral condyle and surface of the tibia

Front 130

Tibialis anterior - insertion

Back 130

Tarsal bones & 1st metatarsal

Front 131

Tibialis anterior - function

Back 131

Dorsiflexion

Front 132

Extensor digitorum longus - origin

Back 132

lateral condyle of tibia & fibula

Front 133

Extensor digitorum longus - insertion

Back 133

Dorsal surfaces of toes 2-5

Front 134

Extensor digitorum longus - function

Back 134

Dorsiflextion and extension of toes

Front 135

Extensor hallucis longus - origin

Back 135

anterior fibula

Front 136

Extensor hallucis - insertion

Back 136

distal phalanx of great toe

Front 137

Extensor hallucis - function

Back 137

extends greatt toe

Front 138

Gastrocnemius - origin

Back 138

Lateral and medial condyles of femur

Front 139

Gastrocnemius - insertion

Back 139

Posterior surface of calcaneus

Front 140

Gastrocnemius - function

Back 140

Plantar flexion

Front 141

Muscles that move the hand

Back 141

Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor pollicis longus
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Extensor digitorum
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Extensor carpi radialis

Front 142

Flexor digitorum superficialis - location

Back 142

forearm

Front 143

Flexor digitorum superficialis - origin

Back 143

Distal humerus
Proximal ulna & radius

Front 144

Flexor digitorum superficialis - insertion

Back 144

Tendons of the fingers

Front 145

Flexor digitorum superficialis - function

Back 145

flexes the fingers and the hand

Front 146

Flexor pollicis longus - location

Back 146

anterior lateral radius

Front 147

Flexor pollicis longus - origin

Back 147

anterior surface of radius

Front 148

Flexor pollicis longus - insertion

Back 148

distal phalanx of thumb

Front 149

Flexor pollicis longus - function

Back 149

flexes thumb

Front 150

Flexor carpi radialis - location

Back 150

medial forearm

Front 151

Flexor carpi radialis - function

Back 151

flexes wrist, abducts hand

Front 152

Flexor carpi ulnaris - location

Back 152

medial forearm

Front 153

Flexor carpi ulnaris - function

Back 153

flexes wrist, adducts hand

Front 154

Extensor digitorum - location

Back 154

forearm

Front 155

Extensor digitorum - origin

Back 155

distal humerus

Front 156

Extensor digitorum - insertion

Back 156

Posterior surface of phalanges in digits 2-5

Front 157

Extensor digitorum - function

Back 157

Extends fingers

Front 158

Extensor pollicis longus - location

Back 158

lower forearm

Front 159

Extensor pollicis longus - origin

Back 159

Middle of ulna

Front 160

Extensor pollicis longus - insertion

Back 160

Distal phalanx of the thumb

Front 161

Extensor pollicis longus - function

Back 161

Extends the thumb

Front 162

Extensor carpi ulnaris - function

Back 162

Extends wrist, adducts hand

Front 163

Linea alba

Back 163

Band of dense connective tissue that extends from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the superior edge of the symphysis pubis

Serves as a site of attachment for several of the abdominal wall muscles

Front 164

Rectus abdominis - origin

Back 164

Superior edge of the pubis

Front 165

Rectus abdominis - insertion

Back 165

Xiphoid process of the sternum, lower ribs

Front 166

Flexor digitorum longus - origin

Back 166

Posterior tibia

Front 167

Flexor digitorum longus - insertion

Back 167

Plantar surface of distal phalanges of 2nd-5th digit