A&p Lecture Test 3

Front 1

where two or more bones meet

Back 1

joints or articulations

Front 2

fives our skeleton mobility and hold it together

Back 2

joints

Front 3

__ are the weakest parts of the skeleton

Back 3

joints

Front 4

the material binding the bones together and whether or not a joint cavity is present

Back 4

structural classification

Front 5

the three joints

Back 5

fibrous, cartiliginous, and synovial

Front 6

based on the amount of movement allowed at the joint

Back 6

functional classif.

Front 7

immoveable joints

Back 7

synarthroses

Front 8

slightly moveable joints

Back 8

amphiarthroses

Front 9

freely moveable joints

Back 9

diarthroses

Front 10

freely moveable joints are in the __

Back 10

limbs

Front 11

immoveable and slightly moveable joints are restricted to the __

Back 11

axial skeleton

Front 12

fibrous joints are __ moveable

Back 12

immoveable

Front 13

__ joints are freely moveable

Back 13

synovial

Front 14

bones are joined by fibrous tisse; no joint cavity is present

Back 14

fibrous joints

Front 15

three types of fibrous joints:

Back 15

sutures, sydesmoses, and gomphoses

Front 16

"seams"; only occur between the skull bones

Back 16

sutures

Front 17

explain what happens during middle age with sutures?

Back 17

fibrous tissue ossifies and the skull bones fuse into a single unit.

Front 18

"bony junctions"

Back 18

synostoses

Front 19

when the bones are connected by a ligament

Back 19

syndesmoses

Front 20

the amount of movement in sydesmoses depends on what?

Back 20

the length of the connecting fibers

Front 21

a peg-in-socket fibrous joint

Back 21

gomphosis

Front 22

the fibrous connection is a gomphosis is the ?

Back 22

periodontal ligament

Front 23

the articulating bones are united by cartilage

Back 23

cartilaginous joints

Front 24

two types of cartilaginous joints

Back 24

synchondroses, and symphyses

Front 25

a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones at a __?

Back 25

synchondroses

Front 26

the most common examples of synchondroses are:

Back 26

epithelial plates connecting the diaphysis and epiphysis in long bones of children.

Front 27

the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage is a __?

Back 27

symphyses

Front 28

__ is compressable and reilient. it acts like a shock absorber and allows limited movement

Back 28

fibrocartilage

Front 29

symphyses are __ joints

Back 29

amphiarthrotic

Front 30

two exs of symphyses

Back 30

intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis of pelvis

Front 31

__ joints are those where the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing cavity

Back 31

synovial

Front 32

name the 5 features of synovial joints

Back 32

articular cartilage, joint cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligmaents

Front 33

absorb compression placed on the joint and keep the bone ends from being crushed

Back 33

articular cartilage

Front 34

space that contains a small amount of synovial fluid

Back 34

joint cavity

Front 35

composed of dense irregular tissue

Back 35

fibrous capsule

Front 36

inner layer of the joint capsule

Back 36

synovial membrane

Front 37

occupies all free spaces within the joint capsule

Back 37

synovial fluid

Front 38

synovial fluid is derived from?

Back 38

filtration from blood flowing through caplillaries in the synovial membrane

Front 39

explain weeping lubrication

Back 39

mechanism that lubricates the free surfaces of the cartilages and nourishes their cells.

Front 40

contains phagocytic ells that rid the joint cavity of microtubes & debris

Back 40

synovial fluid

Front 41

synovial joints are richly supplied with?

Back 41

blood vessels

Front 42

discs or wedges of fibrocartilage separating the articular surfaces

Back 42

articular discs or meisci

Front 43

flattened fibrous sacs lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Back 43

bursae

Front 44

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Back 44

tendon sheath

Front 45

the more __ a joint has the stronger it is

Back 45

ligaments

Front 46

__ __ that cross the joint are the most importnat stabilizing factor

Back 46

muscle tendons

Front 47

the attatched tot he immoveable bone

Back 47

origin

Front 48

attatched to the moveable bone

Back 48

insertion

Front 49

slipping movements only, since there is no axis around wich movement can ocur

Back 49

nonaxial movement

Front 50

movement in one plane

Back 50

uniaxial movement

Front 51

movement in two planes

Back 51

biaxial movement

Front 52

movement in or around all three planes of space and axes

Back 52

multiaxial movement

Front 53

three general types of movement?

Back 53

gliding, angular, roation

Front 54

aka gliding movements

Back 54

translation

Front 55

when flat bone surfaces glide or slip over another w/out angle or rotation

Back 55

gliding

Front 56

increase or decrease the angle between two bones

Back 56

angular

Front 57

bending movement along the saggital plane that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer

Back 57

flexion

Front 58

movements that occurs at the same joints

Back 58

extension

Front 59

movement along the sagittal plane that increases the angle between the articulating bones

Back 59

extension

Front 60

bending the head backward beyond its straight position

Back 60

hyperextension

Front 61

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin is __

Back 61

dorsiflexion

Front 62

depressing the foot is __ __

Back 62

plantar flexion

Front 63

movement of a limb away from the midline or median

Back 63

abduction

Front 64

movement of a limb toward the body midline

Back 64

adduction

Front 65

moving a limb so it describes a circle

Back 65

circumduction

Front 66

circumduction consists of?

Back 66

flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Front 67

turning the bone around its own long axis

Back 67

rotation

Front 68

turning backward

Back 68

supination

Front 69

turning forward

Back 69

ponation

Front 70

__ is weaker than __

Back 70

pronation; supination

Front 71

special movements of the foot

Back 71

inversion, eversion

Front 72

nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane

Back 72

portraction, retraction

Front 73

lifting a body part superiorly

Back 73

elevation

Front 74

moving the elevated part inferiorly

Back 74

depression

Front 75

a cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another

Back 75

hinge joints

Front 76

__ joints permit all angular motions

Back 76

condyloid

Front 77

exs of condyloid joint movements

Back 77

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Front 78

intermediate knee joint between the patella and lower end of the femur

Back 78

femoropatellar joint

Front 79

lateral and medial joint of knee

Back 79

tibiofemoral

Front 80

between the femoral condyles above and the C-shaped menisci of the tibia below (knee)

Back 80

semilunar cartilages

Front 81

in knee, acts as a hinge permitting flexion and extension

Back 81

tibiofemoral

Front 82

three ligaments running from the patella to the tibia

Back 82

patellar, medial, lateral patellar retincula

Front 83

TMJ

Back 83

temoporomandibular joint

Front 84

jaw joint

Back 84

TMJ

Front 85

ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn

Back 85

sprain

Front 86

cartilage is __ and rarely can obtain suficient nourishment to repair itself

Back 86

avascular

Front 87

when bones are forced out of alignment

Back 87

dislocation

Front 88

partial dislocation of a joint

Back 88

subluxation

Front 89

inflammation of a bursa; caused by a blow or friction

Back 89

bursitis

Front 90

over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases of the joints

Back 90

arthritis

Front 91

lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin is __

Back 91

dorsiflexion

Front 92

depressing the foot is __ __

Back 92

plantar flexion

Front 93

movement of a limb away from the midline or median

Back 93

abduction

Front 94

movement of a limb toward the body midline

Back 94

adduction

Front 95

moving a limb so it describes a circle

Back 95

circumduction

Front 96

circumduction consists of?

Back 96

flexion, abduction, extension, adduction

Front 97

turning the bone around its own long axis

Back 97

rotation

Front 98

turning backward

Back 98

supination

Front 99

turning forward

Back 99

ponation

Front 100

__ is weaker than __

Back 100

pronation; supination

Front 101

special movements of the foot

Back 101

inversion, eversion

Front 102

nonangular anterior and posterior movements in a transverse plane

Back 102

portraction, retraction

Front 103

lifting a body part superiorly

Back 103

elevation

Front 104

moving the elevated part inferiorly

Back 104

depression

Front 105

a cylindrical projection of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another

Back 105

hinge joints

Front 106

inflammation of a bursa and is caused by a blow or friction

Back 106

bursitis

Front 107

inflammation of tendon sheathsl caused by overuse

Back 107

tendonitis

Front 108

describes over 100 diff. types of inflammatory dieases that damage joints

Back 108

arthritis

Front 109

explain arthrits

Back 109

synovial membrane thickens and fluid production decreases, causing increased friction and pain

Front 110

most common chronic arthritis

Back 110

osteoarthritis

Front 111

explain progressed OA

Back 111

exposed bone tissue thickens and forms bony spurs that enlarge the bone ends and restrict joint movement

Front 112

bony spurs

Back 112

osteophytes

Front 113

a crunching noise due to OA

Back 113

crepitus

Front 114

a chronic inflammatory disorder

Back 114

rheumatoid arthritis

Front 115

explain RA

Back 115

synovial fluid sccummulates, causing joint swelling and the inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus

Front 116

disorder where the immune system attacks its own tissues

Back 116

autoimmune disease

Front 117

abnormal tissues that clings to the articular cartilage

Back 117

pannus

Front 118

explain gouty arthritis

Back 118

blood levels of uric acid rise and are deposited as needle-shaped urate crystals in the joints soft tissues

Front 119

3 types of muscle tissues:

Back 119

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Front 120

skeletal and smooth muscle cells are __?

Back 120

muscle fibers

Front 121

muscle equivalents of the actin- or myosin-containing microfilaments

Back 121

myofilaments

Front 122

myo-; mys-

Back 122

"muscle"

Front 123

sarco-

Back 123

"flesh"

Front 124

attatches to the bony skeleton

Back 124

skeletal muscle

Front 125

__ muscle fibers are the longest muscle cells

Back 125

skeletal

Front 126

__ muscles are voluntary

Back 126

skeletal

Front 127

striated cells; involuntary

Back 127

cardiac

Front 128

found on the walls of organs

Back 128

smooth muscle

Front 129

has nostriated cells, and is involuntary

Back 129

smooth muscle

Front 130

ability to recieve and respond to a stimulus

Back 130

excitability/responsivness/
irritability

Front 131

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

Back 131

contractility

Front 132

ability to be stretched or extended

Back 132

extensibility

Front 133

ability of a muscle fiber to recoil

Back 133

elasticity

Front 134

4 functions of muscles

Back 134

movement, posture, stabilizes joints, generates heat

Front 135

skeletal muscle accounts for __ of body mass

Back 135

40%

Front 136

ea. skeletal muscle is served by one __, an __, and one or more __.

Back 136

nerve;artery;veins

Front 137

3 layers of skeletal muscle fibers

Back 137

endomysium, perimysium &fasicles, epimysium

Front 138

ea. individual musc. fiber is surrounded by a fine sheath of connective tissue with _ & _ fibers

Back 138

ednomysium; areolar; reticular

Front 139

overcoat of dense irregular connective tissue

Back 139

epimysium

Front 140

the epimysium of the muscle is fused to the peroiosteum of a bone or perichondrium of a cartilage.

Back 140

direct/fleshy attachments

Front 141

muscles connective tissue wrappings extend beyond the muscle either as a ropelike tendon or as a sheetlike aponeurosis

Back 141

indirect attatchments

Front 142

mostly tough collagenic fibers

Back 142

tendon

Front 143

a plasma membrane

Back 143

sarcolemma

Front 144

they are multinucleate

Back 144

skeletal muscle fiber

Front 145

contains unusual amounts of glycosomes

Back 145

sarcoplasm

Front 146

granules of stored glycogen

Back 146

glycosomes

Front 147

a red pigment that stores O and is similar to hemoglobin

Back 147

myoglobin

Front 148

repeating series of dark A and I bands

Back 148

striations

Front 149

eacho A bands has a lighter stripe in its midsection called the __?

Back 149

H zone

Front 150

each H zone is bisected vertically by a dark line called the __

Back 150

M line

Front 151

the region of a myfibril between two suxxessive Z discs

Back 151

sarcomere

Front 152

extend the entire length of the A band

Back 152

thick filaments

Front 153

extend across the I band and partway into the A band

Back 153

thin filaments

Front 154

myofilaments are connected to the sarcolemma at the _ and _?

Back 154

Z dics and M lines

Front 155

composed of the protein myosin

Back 155

thick filaments

Front 156

thick filament contains about __ myosin molecules bundled together

Back 156

300

Front 157

contain ATPase enzymes that split TP to generate energy for muscle contraction.

Back 157

myosin heads

Front 158

thin filaments contain the protein __?

Back 158

actin

Front 159

a three-polypeptide complez

Back 159

troponin

Front 160

composed of the giant protein titin that extends from the z disc to the thick filament

Back 160

elastic filament

Front 161

liks the thin filaments tot he integral protein of the sarcolemma

Back 161

dystrophin

Front 162

surrounds each myfibril like a sleeve

Back 162

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

Front 163

whats the major role of the SR?

Back 163

regulate intracellular levels of ionic calcium