Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)
|
Location: around every cell
Function: Protection, wrapping/enclosing, cell shape, interface between inside(cytoplasm) + outside(environment, semipermiability, cell-to-cell recognition, active movement, transport material. |
|
Cell Membrane Components
|
water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.
|
|
Endoplasmic Reticulum
|
Composition: network/mesh of tubular membranes
|
|
Rough ER
|
outside edge "dotted": presence of ribosomes
|
|
Smooth ER
|
no ribosomes present
|
|
Ribosomes
|
composition: ribonucleic acid (RNA). technically not organelles:no membrane surrounding.
|
|
Golgi body/complex(apparatus)
|
composition:series of flattened membrane sacs.
appearance:"half moon" appearance with "eruptions" function: assembly of complex macromolecules, packaging and secretion, secretion:good stuff(ear wax) excreation:bad stuff(urine), production of lysosomes |
|
Mitochondria
|
composition: double membrane around the organelle, inner membranes folds=cristae.
function:site of energy transformation=site of ATP=site of cellular respiration. |
|
ATP
|
=adenosine triphosphate= universal energy storage compound, energy transfered from food molecules to ATP molecule,
|
|
Cellular Respiration
|
ATP synthesis (in mitochondria)
|
|
Lysosomes
|
composition: membrane bound sac of enzymes, produced by the golgi apparatus.
function: breakdown (digestion) of complex molecules, breakdown of aging cell components. |
|
Peroxisomes (microbodies)
|
composition: membranous sac
function: breakdown of fatty acids, amino acids, alcohol. reakdown of harmful peroxide, general detoxification. |
|
Cytoskeleton
|
function: aid in cytoplasmic streaming, anchor cell parts, maintains cell shape, physical movement of cells.
composition:3 major parts: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules. |
|
Microfilaments
|
protein actin
|
|
Intermediate Filaments
|
protein
|
|
Microtubules
|
protein tubulin
|
|
Flagella/Cilia
|
locomotion, feeding
|
|
Splindle fibers
|
form centrioles in animal cell
|
|
Centrioles
|
found in animal cells and help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division
|
|
Vaults
|
octagonal "barrel-shaped" containers, composed of ribonucleoproteins.
function: dock at nuclear surface, enclose molecules and ship to cellular sites. |
|
Ribonucleoproteins
|
vaults are composed of this
|
|
Docking/transport
|
vaults do this
|
|
Nucleus
|
function: maitain +control cell activity, copy +transfer genetic info to next generation of cells.
composition:nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus(site of RNA synthesis), chromosomes(DNA + proteins, contain genetic info:code for traits) |
|
Chromosomes
|
DNA + proteins
|
|
Membrane fluidity
|
membrane lipid + movement of protein in bilayer
|
|
Permeability
|
selectively permeable
|
|
Passive processes
|
no use of ATP, movementis down the concentration gradient.
ex. simple diffusion, faciliated diffusion, osmosis. random movement from high concentration to low concentration, movement can be through the lipid or protein portion. ex. small gases, other lipds, ammonia |
|
Simple Diffusion
|
example of passive process
|
|
Facilitated diffusion
|
material is "helped/aided" by a "transporter" protein, from high concentration to low concentration, shape change of protein allow movement without ATP usage.
ex. glucose, urea, fructose, some vitamins |
|
Osmosis
|
diffusion of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration of water, water moves through "aqua porins", tonicity: ability to change liquid volume(isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic), based on solute/solvent amounts on either side of membrane.
|
|
Aqua Porins
|
water moves through
|
|
Solution
|
mixture of solute/solvent.
ex.salt water. |
|
Solute
|
salt
|
|
Solvent
|
water
|
|
Isotonic
|
concentrations of both solute + solvent are equal on either side, result:osmosis(no change) will not occur, water concentration remains stable on either side
|
|
Hypotonic
|
concentration of solute is LOWER/water higher OUTSIDE the cell, result: endomosis occurs, enlargement due to water content, animal cell may burst
|
|
Hypertonic
|
concentration of solutes is higher/water is lower OUTSIDE the cell, result: exomosis occurs, water moves out of the cell, animal cells shrink
|
|
Active Processes
|
movement from low concentrarion to low concentration, works against gradient, requires ATP to release energy, energy helps to change the shape of a protein which pumps the material
|
|
Active transport
|
ex. sodium/potassium pump
|
|
Vesicular transport
|
membranous sac formed by pouching in or out of the existing membrane
|
|
Endocytosis
|
moves things into cell
|
|
Exocytosis
|
secretory vesicles fuse to the cell membrane + expel contents
|
|
Phagocytosis
|
solid material/whole cells engulfed by cells
|
|
Pinocytosis
|
liquid material taken in
|
|
Epithelium tissue
|
functions: provide physical protection: abrasion, dehydration, destruction. control permeability: materials cross epithelium(hormones, nutrients, ions)
|
|
Exocrine vs. Endocrine
|
endo=in
exo=out |
|
Goblet Cells
|
glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. They use both apocrine and merocrine methods for secretion
|
|
Merocrine
|
product released from secretory
|
|
Apocrine
|
loss of cytoplasm + secretory product
|
|
Holocrine
|
entire cell becomes filled with secretory product and bursts
|
|
Membranes
|
epithelium + connective
|
|
Serous
|
abdominal
|
|
Mucosal
|
mucosa
|
|
Cutaneous
|
outside skin
|
|
Synovial
|
joints
|
|
Connective Tissue
|
functions:establish framework for the body(ex. tendons, bone, cartilage), transport fluid + dissolved materials(ex. blood), support surroud and interconnect other tissues, store energy reserves(ex. adipose), defend the body from invasion(ex. blood).
Characteristics: throughout the body, never exposed to the outside, most highly vascular, contain sensory receptor, specialized cells + matrix, matrix=protein fibers + ground substance. Ex. areolar, adipose, recticular, dense reg., dense irreg., eleastic, blood, lymph, cartilage, bone. |
|
Muscle Tissue
|
Function: contraction
Types: smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
|
Nervous Tissue
|
Function: conduction of electrical impulse, support within the nervous system.
Ex. neurons, neuroglial cells |
|
Systems
|
11 different
Ex. integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, reproductive, digestive, urinary. |
|
Integumentary system
|
composed of skin and accessory structures.
Function:protection, temporary regulation, excretion, vitamin production, sensory perception. composed of 3 regions: epidermis(superficial surface), dermis(deeper layers), hypodermis(Subcutaneous:not part of the skin) |
|
Epidermis
|
stratified squamous epithelium.
avascular: no blood vessels. thin skin=4 layers. thick skin=5 layers. Cell types: keratinocytes, melamocytes, langernans, merkel cell disk. |
|
Stratum Basale
|
"base layer"
|
|
Stratum Spinosum
|
"spiny layer"
|
|
Stratum Granulosum
|
"grainy layer"
|
|
Stratum Lucidum
|
"glassy layer"
|
|
Stratum Corneum
|
"horny layer"
|
|
Dermis
|
lies between the epidermis and underlayer.
2 major parts: papillary, reticular. |
|
Papillary
|
superficial/upper, composed of areolar tissue, contains capillaries + neurons, project up into epidermal layers(papilla)
|
|
Reticular
|
deep to the papillary, dense irregular tissue, contain hair follicles, sweat glands blood vessels lymph vessels and nerves.
|
|
Hypodermis(subcutaneous layer)
|
not truly a part of the integument(skin), areolar + adipose tissue, energy reserve shock absorber insulation.
|
|
Sebaceous Gland
|
secretion of oil
|
|
sweat gland
|
sudoriferous
|
|
Nails/nail bed
|
grasping, protection, manipulation, scratching
|
|
Mamary Gland
|
milk
|
|
Ceruminous Gland
|
wax
|
|
Vitamin D Production
|
integumentary system
|
|
Cholecalciferol
|
vitamin D
|
|
Skin/kidney/liver
|
conversion to calcitriol by enzymes
|
|
Calcium absoption
|
by GI tract
|
|
Melanocytes
|
produce melanin
|
|
Langerhans
|
participate in immune response
|
|
Merkel's disc
|
sensory perception of touch
|
|
Keratinocytes
|
produce keritin
|
|
Basal cell carcinoma
|
most common skin cancer.
arise in stratum basale. rarely metastasize. |
|
Squamous cell carcinoma
|
@ 20% of all skin cancers.
arise from squamous cells if epithelium. may matastasize |
|
Malignant Melanoma
|
@2% of all skin cancers.
arise from melanocytes. metastasize rapidly. risk factors: skin type, sun exposure, family history, age, immunological status |
|
Mitosis
|
cell division
|
|
Karyokinesis
|
stages in which nucleus is actually dividing
|
|
Cytokinesis
|
any stage which its being divided
|
|
Cell Cycle
|
time frame for activity
|
|
Interfase
|
G1/S/G2
|
|
Prophase
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
mitosis
|