A&p Lecture Test 2

Front 1

Cell Membrane (Plasmalemma)

Back 1

Location: around every cell
Function: Protection, wrapping/enclosing, cell shape, interface between inside(cytoplasm) + outside(environment, semipermiability, cell-to-cell recognition, active movement, transport material.

Front 2

Cell Membrane Components

Back 2

water, ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.

Front 3

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 3

Composition: network/mesh of tubular membranes

Front 4

Rough ER

Back 4

outside edge "dotted": presence of ribosomes

Front 5

Smooth ER

Back 5

no ribosomes present

Front 6

Ribosomes

Back 6

composition: ribonucleic acid (RNA). technically not organelles:no membrane surrounding.

Front 7

Golgi body/complex(apparatus)

Back 7

composition:series of flattened membrane sacs.
appearance:"half moon" appearance with "eruptions"
function: assembly of complex macromolecules, packaging and secretion, secretion:good stuff(ear wax) excreation:bad stuff(urine), production of lysosomes

Front 8

Mitochondria

Back 8

composition: double membrane around the organelle, inner membranes folds=cristae.
function:site of energy transformation=site of ATP=site of cellular respiration.

Front 9

ATP

Back 9

=adenosine triphosphate= universal energy storage compound, energy transfered from food molecules to ATP molecule,

Front 10

Cellular Respiration

Back 10

ATP synthesis (in mitochondria)

Front 11

Lysosomes

Back 11

composition: membrane bound sac of enzymes, produced by the golgi apparatus.
function: breakdown (digestion) of complex molecules, breakdown of aging cell components.

Front 12

Peroxisomes (microbodies)

Back 12

composition: membranous sac
function: breakdown of fatty acids, amino acids, alcohol. reakdown of harmful peroxide, general detoxification.

Front 13

Cytoskeleton

Back 13

function: aid in cytoplasmic streaming, anchor cell parts, maintains cell shape, physical movement of cells.
composition:3 major parts: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

Front 14

Microfilaments

Back 14

protein actin

Front 15

Intermediate Filaments

Back 15

protein

Front 16

Microtubules

Back 16

protein tubulin

Front 17

Flagella/Cilia

Back 17

locomotion, feeding

Front 18

Splindle fibers

Back 18

form centrioles in animal cell

Front 19

Centrioles

Back 19

found in animal cells and help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division

Front 20

Vaults

Back 20

octagonal "barrel-shaped" containers, composed of ribonucleoproteins.
function: dock at nuclear surface, enclose molecules and ship to cellular sites.

Front 21

Ribonucleoproteins

Back 21

vaults are composed of this

Front 22

Docking/transport

Back 22

vaults do this

Front 23

Nucleus

Back 23

function: maitain +control cell activity, copy +transfer genetic info to next generation of cells.
composition:nuclear membrane, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus(site of RNA synthesis), chromosomes(DNA + proteins, contain genetic info:code for traits)

Front 24

Chromosomes

Back 24

DNA + proteins

Front 25

Membrane fluidity

Back 25

membrane lipid + movement of protein in bilayer

Front 26

Permeability

Back 26

selectively permeable

Front 27

Passive processes

Back 27

no use of ATP, movementis down the concentration gradient.
ex. simple diffusion, faciliated diffusion, osmosis.
random movement from high concentration to low concentration, movement can be through the lipid or protein portion.
ex. small gases, other lipds, ammonia

Front 28

Simple Diffusion

Back 28

example of passive process

Front 29

Facilitated diffusion

Back 29

material is "helped/aided" by a "transporter" protein, from high concentration to low concentration, shape change of protein allow movement without ATP usage.
ex. glucose, urea, fructose, some vitamins

Front 30

Osmosis

Back 30

diffusion of water across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration of water, water moves through "aqua porins", tonicity: ability to change liquid volume(isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic), based on solute/solvent amounts on either side of membrane.

Front 31

Aqua Porins

Back 31

water moves through

Front 32

Solution

Back 32

mixture of solute/solvent.
ex.salt water.

Front 33

Solute

Back 33

salt

Front 34

Solvent

Back 34

water

Front 35

Isotonic

Back 35

concentrations of both solute + solvent are equal on either side, result:osmosis(no change) will not occur, water concentration remains stable on either side

Front 36

Hypotonic

Back 36

concentration of solute is LOWER/water higher OUTSIDE the cell, result: endomosis occurs, enlargement due to water content, animal cell may burst

Front 37

Hypertonic

Back 37

concentration of solutes is higher/water is lower OUTSIDE the cell, result: exomosis occurs, water moves out of the cell, animal cells shrink

Front 38

Active Processes

Back 38

movement from low concentrarion to low concentration, works against gradient, requires ATP to release energy, energy helps to change the shape of a protein which pumps the material

Front 39

Active transport

Back 39

ex. sodium/potassium pump

Front 40

Vesicular transport

Back 40

membranous sac formed by pouching in or out of the existing membrane

Front 41

Endocytosis

Back 41

moves things into cell

Front 42

Exocytosis

Back 42

secretory vesicles fuse to the cell membrane + expel contents

Front 43

Phagocytosis

Back 43

solid material/whole cells engulfed by cells

Front 44

Pinocytosis

Back 44

liquid material taken in

Front 45

Epithelium tissue

Back 45

functions: provide physical protection: abrasion, dehydration, destruction. control permeability: materials cross epithelium(hormones, nutrients, ions)

Front 46

Exocrine vs. Endocrine

Back 46

endo=in
exo=out

Front 47

Goblet Cells

Back 47

glandular simple columnar epithelial cells whose sole function is to secrete mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus. They use both apocrine and merocrine methods for secretion

Front 48

Merocrine

Back 48

product released from secretory

Front 49

Apocrine

Back 49

loss of cytoplasm + secretory product

Front 50

Holocrine

Back 50

entire cell becomes filled with secretory product and bursts

Front 51

Membranes

Back 51

epithelium + connective

Front 52

Serous

Back 52

abdominal

Front 53

Mucosal

Back 53

mucosa

Front 54

Cutaneous

Back 54

outside skin

Front 55

Synovial

Back 55

joints

Front 56

Connective Tissue

Back 56

functions:establish framework for the body(ex. tendons, bone, cartilage), transport fluid + dissolved materials(ex. blood), support surroud and interconnect other tissues, store energy reserves(ex. adipose), defend the body from invasion(ex. blood).
Characteristics: throughout the body, never exposed to the outside, most highly vascular, contain sensory receptor, specialized cells + matrix, matrix=protein fibers + ground substance.
Ex. areolar, adipose, recticular, dense reg., dense irreg., eleastic, blood, lymph, cartilage, bone.

Front 57

Muscle Tissue

Back 57

Function: contraction
Types: smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Front 58

Nervous Tissue

Back 58

Function: conduction of electrical impulse, support within the nervous system.
Ex. neurons, neuroglial cells

Front 59

Systems

Back 59

11 different
Ex. integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, reproductive, digestive, urinary.

Front 60

Integumentary system

Back 60

composed of skin and accessory structures.
Function:protection, temporary regulation, excretion, vitamin production, sensory perception.
composed of 3 regions: epidermis(superficial surface), dermis(deeper layers), hypodermis(Subcutaneous:not part of the skin)

Front 61

Epidermis

Back 61

stratified squamous epithelium.
avascular: no blood vessels.
thin skin=4 layers.
thick skin=5 layers.
Cell types: keratinocytes, melamocytes, langernans, merkel cell disk.

Front 62

Stratum Basale

Back 62

"base layer"

Front 63

Stratum Spinosum

Back 63

"spiny layer"

Front 64

Stratum Granulosum

Back 64

"grainy layer"

Front 65

Stratum Lucidum

Back 65

"glassy layer"

Front 66

Stratum Corneum

Back 66

"horny layer"

Front 67

Dermis

Back 67

lies between the epidermis and underlayer.
2 major parts: papillary, reticular.

Front 68

Papillary

Back 68

superficial/upper, composed of areolar tissue, contains capillaries + neurons, project up into epidermal layers(papilla)

Front 69

Reticular

Back 69

deep to the papillary, dense irregular tissue, contain hair follicles, sweat glands blood vessels lymph vessels and nerves.

Front 70

Hypodermis(subcutaneous layer)

Back 70

not truly a part of the integument(skin), areolar + adipose tissue, energy reserve shock absorber insulation.

Front 71

Sebaceous Gland

Back 71

secretion of oil

Front 72

sweat gland

Back 72

sudoriferous

Front 73

Nails/nail bed

Back 73

grasping, protection, manipulation, scratching

Front 74

Mamary Gland

Back 74

milk

Front 75

Ceruminous Gland

Back 75

wax

Front 76

Vitamin D Production

Back 76

integumentary system

Front 77

Cholecalciferol

Back 77

vitamin D

Front 78

Skin/kidney/liver

Back 78

conversion to calcitriol by enzymes

Front 79

Calcium absoption

Back 79

by GI tract

Front 80

Melanocytes

Back 80

produce melanin

Front 81

Langerhans

Back 81

participate in immune response

Front 82

Merkel's disc

Back 82

sensory perception of touch

Front 83

Keratinocytes

Back 83

produce keritin

Front 84

Basal cell carcinoma

Back 84

most common skin cancer.
arise in stratum basale.
rarely metastasize.

Front 85

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 85

@ 20% of all skin cancers.
arise from squamous cells if epithelium.
may matastasize

Front 86

Malignant Melanoma

Back 86

@2% of all skin cancers.
arise from melanocytes.
metastasize rapidly.
risk factors: skin type, sun exposure, family history, age, immunological status

Front 87

Mitosis

Back 87

cell division

Front 88

Karyokinesis

Back 88

stages in which nucleus is actually dividing

Front 89

Cytokinesis

Back 89

any stage which its being divided

Front 90

Cell Cycle

Back 90

time frame for activity

Front 91

Interfase

Back 91

G1/S/G2

Front 92

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Back 92

mitosis