A&p Lecture Test 2

Front 1

Broadly Speaking the nervous system consists of 2 parts, what are they?

Back 1

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System.

Front 2

What does the central nervous system consists of?

Back 2

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 3

What does the peripheral nervous system consists of?

Back 3

Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, and Autonomic Nerves (Sympathetic Division and Parasympathetic Division)

Front 4

The nervous system controls the ______ of the body's ______ system, in close cooperation with the __________ system.

Back 4

Co-ordination
Organ
Endocrine

Front 5

The nervous system has 3 basic functions, what are they?

Back 5

Sensory (externally)
Integrating (within spinal cord)
Motor (externally)

Front 6

Neurons can be seen to consists of 3 main sections, ______, ________, and________.

Back 6

Cell Body (Soma or perikaryon)
Dendrites
Axon

Front 7

The cell body is large and contains the _____ of the cell.

Back 7

Nucleus

Front 8

The cell body also contains the majority of the cell organelles that synthesize the materials needed by the ____, particularly _____ (______), and _______, synthesized by the _______ and _______.

Back 8

Neuron
Energy (Mitochondria)
Neurotransmitters
Ribosomes and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.

Front 9

Some of the areas containing large amounts of __________, and _______ stain darkly and these areas are referred to as _________.

Back 9

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Ribosomes
Nissl Bodies

Front 10

_______ give the grey coloration to the areas of the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the neurons, the so-called __________.

Back 10

Nissl Bodies
Grey Matter

Front 11

_________ are extensions from the soma that receive stimuli, or _______from other neurons and convey this stimulation to the _________.

Back 11

Dendrites
impulse
Cell Body

Front 12

Dendrites may also be modified into sensory receotors that receive, or "sense" stimuli such as....

Back 12

Heat, cold, touch, pressure, stretch, or other physical changes.

Front 13

The ______ is the other type of extension from the soma and conducts the nervous impulse _____ from the cell body,

Back 13

Axon
Away

Front 14

The axon is a _____ process. Axons are often covered in a fatty substance called ________, which appears ______ under the microscope.

Back 14

Single
Myelin
White

Front 15

Nervous tissue containing many myelinated axons is often referred to as ____________.

Back 15

White Matter

Front 16

In some cases the axon may branch along its length producing _______ that allow the nervous impulse to be transmitted to more than one other cell.

Back 16

Collaterals

Front 17

Some axons have closely associated __________ for support, structure, and nutrition.

Back 17

Neuroglial

Front 18

In the CNS there are ________, ___________, _______ cells, and ______ cells.

Back 18

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia cells, and ependymal cells.

Front 19

In the PNS there are _________ cells and _________ cells.

Back 19

Satellite and Schwann.

Front 20

Astrocytes are responsible for the ______-________ barrier. They secrete a substance that maintains the _______ __________ of the endothelial cells lining the CNS.

Back 20

Blood Brain
Selective Permeability

Front 21

Astrocytes ____ the neurons in the CNS by ______ the neurons from excessive movement and preventing ______. They are also able to change the composition of the _____ bathing the neurons.

Back 21

Support
Stabilize
Damage to tissue.
Interstitial Fluid

Front 22

Oligodendrocytes are located in the _____ and they function like the _____ of the PNS. They line the _________ with a sheath around every ____ of the _____.

Back 22

CNS
Schwann Cells
Axolemma
Axon of the CNS

Front 23

What 2 things compose the oligodendrocytes?

Back 23

Protein and phospholipids

Front 24

Those neuron with myelin sheath are said to be _________ and those without are __________.

Back 24

Myelinated
Non-myelinated

Front 25

If a nerve has no myelin, the lining of the nerve is termed the ____ or _____. If it does have myelin such as schwann cells or oligodendrocytes, the outer lining is then termed _____, and the nerve lining is the ______.

Back 25

Neuro or Neurolemma
Neurolemma
Axolemma

Front 26

Microglia function to wander through the ____ and with their phagocytic activity, _______ and _______ cellular waste products, debris, and pathogens.

Back 26

CNS
Engulf and Destroy

Front 27

Ependymal cells line the ventricles of the _____ and ______.

Back 27

Brain and Spinal Canal

Front 28

They are responsible for the circulation of _______ that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. They may also aid in its _____ and the _____ of its composition.

Back 28

Cerebrospinal Fluid
Production and Monitoring

Front 29

Satellite Cells are located in the ____ with ________ cells. They surround the clusters of cells bodies known as _______, insulating them from their surroundings.

Back 29

PNS with Schwann
Ganglia

Front 30

The myelin sheath is actually the cell membrane of specialized glial cells called ______ in the brain and spinal cord, and ______ in the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.

Back 30

Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells

Front 31

Between adjacent glial cells are small gaps in the myelin sheath called ______ ______. They work together to enhance the ______ of conduction of the nervous impulses along the axon.

Back 31

Nodes of Ranvier
Speed

Front 32

Neurons can be classified anatomically into one of four different types, name them. The classification relates to the position of the cell body in relation to the axon.

Back 32

Anaxonic Neurons
Bipolar
Unipolar
Multipolar

Front 33

In _______ neurons there is no anatomical method differentiating between axons and dendrites. All cell processes appear similar.

Back 33

Anaxonic

Front 34

______ neurons have 2 processes arising from the cell body in the middle. Ear, eye, and nose.

Back 34

Bipolar

Front 35

______ neurons have a continuous dendritic and axonal process with the cell body lying off to one side. Generally have a long axon and in PNS.

Back 35

Unipolar

Front 36

_______ neurons have one axon from cell body with several dendrites coming in. Most common CNS.

Back 36

Multipolar

Front 37

_____ of the PNS are afferent, they carry impulses from the sensory receptors toward or into the CNS.

Back 37

Sensory

Front 38

______ of the PNS are efferent, they carry impulses from the CNS to peripheral tissues, organs or organ systems.

Back 38

Motor

Front 39

________ are those situated between sensory and motor neurons and are found only in the CNS.

Back 39

Interneurons

Front 40

__________ neurons carry information from the external environment to the CNS.

Back 40

Somatic Sensory

Front 41

________ neurons carry information from within the animal (its organs and other systems)

Back 41

Visceral Sensory

Front 42

A mixed nerve contains both ______ and ______ fibers, and may innervate several different ________.

Back 42

Afferent and Efferent
Organs

Front 43

Anatomically each axon is surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue called the _____. That group of these axons are held in bundles by connective tissue known as _____.

Back 43

Endomeurium
Perineurium

Front 44

These are further held together by an outer fibrous sheath called the _______, which encloses a blood supply and fat deposits.

Back 44

Epineurium

Front 45

__________ is the study of the functioning of nervous tissue, i.e. how the neurons and glial cells transmit and process info.

Back 45

Neurophysiology

Front 46

Neurons can transmit nervous impulses along their length, this impulse is in the form of a electrical stimulus causes by changing the _____ of certain ion ____ on the inside and ____ on the outside.

Back 46

Concentration
K+
Na+

Front 47

The extracellular fluid had a high concentration of ______ ions and _____ ions.

Back 47

Sodium (Na+)
Chloride (Cl-)

Front 48

The intracellular fluid has a high concentration of ____ ions and negatively charged ______.

Back 48

Potassium (K+)
Proteins

Front 49

This difference in ionic concentrations exists due to the ____ of the cell membrane that will not allow the ions to move across to ____. their distribution.

Back 49

Semipermeability
Equalize

Front 50

Some ions can pass through more easily than others. Proteins carrying a ___ charge inside the cell can't move to the outside.

Back 50

Negative

Front 51

Whereas ___ can move out of the cell through ___-____ _____ channels more easily than ____ can enter through its _____-____ _____ channels.

Back 51

K+
Voltage-gated potassium
Na+
Voltage-gated sodium channels

Front 52

When there is a overall excess of negative charge on the inner surface of the membrane when compared to the outer surface, this difference in electrical charge is called the _______ or ________ of the cell membrane

Back 52

Transmembrane potential or Resting potential

Front 53

The difference in electrical charge is measured in _______. For a resting neuron, the transmembrane potential is ______ or _____.

Back 53

Millivolts (mV)
0.07V or -70mV

Front 54

The transport of K+ or Na+ therefore does not require any input of _____ and can be described as _________.

Back 54

Energy
Passive Transport

Front 55

For every ____ K+ ions to the outside of the nerve, there are ___ Na+ ions to the inside during the depolarization process.

Back 55

2
3

Front 56

When both the chemical and electrical gradients are considered together, we call this the ___________.

Back 56

Electrochemical Gradient

Front 57

To maintain homeostasis the cell must be able to retrieve some of the lost K+ from the ___ the cell and get rid of excess Na+ from the ___ of the cell, to do this energy is used to activate a mechanism known as the ___.

Back 57

Outside
Inside
Sodium/potassium pump

Front 58

This pump permits the exchange of intracelllular ___ for extracellular ___, using a carrier protein molecule located in the cell membrane, called the _____.

Back 58

Na+
K+
Sodium/potassium ATPase pump

Front 59

This mechanism uses energy derived from the conversion of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ______ to move the ions _____ their electrochemical gradients, a process known as __________.

Back 59

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Against
Active Transport

Front 60

When the cell is in resting potential the cell membrane can be said to be _______.

Back 60

Polarized

Front 61

__________ is the process where the inside of the cell becomes positively charged and the outside negatively charged, for a short period of time.

Back 61

Depolarization

Front 62

The significant change in electrical charge from negative to positive is also referred to as an _________.

Back 62

Action Potential

Front 63

Action potential lasts approximately _______ and the resting potential is very quickly restored.

Back 63

1 millisecond

Front 64

Lists the steps of Action Potential

Back 64

1. Membrane at rest 2. Depolarizing electronic potentials 3. K+ moving out rapidly 4. No net charge movement 5. Na+ moving in rapidly 6. Na+ & K+ channels recovering with the aid of ATPase

Front 65

There is a certain level of depolarization that is required before an action potential can be triggered, this is called the ________.

Back 65

Threshold

Front 66

Once the stimulus has caused the neuron to become depolarized above the threshold level, then an __________ is triggered.

Back 66

Action Potential

Front 67

What are responsible for the blood-brain barrier?

Back 67

Astrocytes

Front 68

What line the axolemma with a sheath around every exon of the CNS?

Back 68

Oligodendrocytes

Front 69

What wonders through the CNS and with phagocytic activity engulf and destroy cellular waste products, debris and pathogens?

Back 69

Microglia

Front 70

What lines the ventricles of the brain and spinal cord?

Back 70

Ependymal Cells

Front 71

What surrounds the cluster of cell bodies known as ganglia, in the PNS, insulating them from their surroundings?

Back 71

Satellite Cells

Front 72

Sensory is _______, it carries impulses ____ the CNS

Back 72

Afferent
Into

Front 73

Motor is _______, it carries impulses _______ from the CNS.

Back 73

Efferent
Away

Front 74

If a second stimulus acts upon a neuron in which a action potential is ongoing, then a second action potential will not be produced. The neuron at this stage is unresponsive and said to be in a ____ stage.

Back 74

Refractory

Front 75

The time it takes for the neuron to be able to generate a second action potential from the start of the first is called the ______ period.

Back 75

Absolute Refractory period

Front 76

The period between the end of the absolute refractory period and a return to the resting potential is known as the _____________.

Back 76

Relative Refractory period

Front 77

This is the period during which a second __________ can be triggered, although this requires the stimulus to _______ the threshold depolarization.

Back 77

Action Potential
Exceed

Front 78

The point at which the nervous impulse transmission occurs is called the ______ (between one neuron and another) or ______ (between a neuron and muscle fiber).

Back 78

Synapse
Neuromuscular Junction

Front 79

At the synapse, the action potential from the from the axon of first nerve cell (____ neuron), is carried across the interstitial space, known as the _____, to the dendrites of the next nerve cell (_____ neuron)

Back 79

Presynaptic neuron
Synaptic Cleft
Postsynaptic neuron

Front 80

__________ occurs when the 2 cells are very close together, as the synaptic gap is small.

Back 80

Electrical Transmission

Front 81

In cells that are very close together, the action potential is automatically ______ into the adjacent cell by causing a membrane _______, just as the action potential is ______ along the axon itself.

Back 81

Propagated
Depolarization

Front 82

__________ is when the synaptic gap is large, an impulse in the presynaptic neuron causes the release of a chemical into the gap.

Back 82

Chemical Transmission

Front 83

This chemical is known as _______, which diffuses across the synaptic gap to the _____ neuron and triggers a change in the membrane potential of the ______ neuron.

Back 83

Neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic

Front 84

This depolarizes the ______ neuron generating an ______ in the _____ cell.

Back 84

Postsynaptic
Action Potential
Postsynaptic

Front 85

What is the most common chemical means of transportation? Neurons that release acetlycholine are classified as ________. What are the 2 receptors of acetlycholine?

Back 85

Acetylcholine
Cholinergic
Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Front 86

Neurotransmitter classification:
1.
2.
3.

Back 86

1. Amino Acids
2. Monamines
3. Polypeptides

Front 87

Nor-epinephrine (_________) sympathetic.
What are its 4 receptors?

Back 87

Adrenergic
Alpha 1,2 and Beta 1,2

Front 88

What does GABA stand for? It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter of _____. Binding GABA to its receptor produces _______ or _______.

Back 88

Gama-aminobutyric acid
CNS
Hyperpolarization or Inhibition

Front 89

What is the excitatory neurotransmitter of CNS. Receptors for this are involved with memory and learning.

Back 89

Glutamate

Front 90

What is the clear, colorless, slightly alkaline fluid. It is similar in comparison to plasma but only contains a small amount of protein.

Back 90

Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 91

Its function is to protect the ____ and _____ by forming a fluid cushion between the delicate nerve tissues and the bones of the _____ and ______.

Back 91

Brain and Spinal Cord
Skull and Vertebral Column

Front 92

It enables the _______ within the skull to remain constant and also carries _______ and ________ away from the tissue to the interstitial fluid of the CNS.

Back 92

pressure
waste and toxic substances

Front 93

The CSF circulates through the 4 ____ of the brain. It also passes into the _______ space, a space between the the inner and middle of the 3 layers of connective tissue which surround the brain, known as the _______.

Back 93

Ventricles
Subarachnoid
Meninges

Front 94

Name the 3 layers.

Back 94

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater

Front 95

Which is the outer layer and is a thick membrane composed of tough fibrous tissue that lines the inside of the skull forming the periosteum? Which lies on the surface of the spinal cord?

Back 95

Dura Mater
Pia Mater

Front 96

Which is separated from the pia mater by the subarachnoid space via CSF?

Back 96

Arachnoid Mater

Front 97

Samples collected for analysis from an enlargement of the ___________ space at the base of the skull called the ____________.

Back 97

Subarachnoid Space
Cisterna Magna

Front 98

The hindbrain consists of 3 areas. The most rostral is the _____ that lies between the midbrain and an area of the hindbrain known as the ______. The 3rd is the ______ which controls the motor coordination.

Back 98

Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum

Front 99

The pons and the medulla lie at the level at which most ________ enter the brain. Both are also responsible for the basic control of _______ and __________, known as the ________ reflexes.

Back 99

Cranial Nerves
Heart Rate and Respiration
Brainstem

Front 100

The _________ is continuous with the medulla of the brain. It runs within the protective vertebral column from the cisterna magna, terminating at the _________.

Back 100

Spinal Cord
Cauda Equina

Front 101

____ pairs of of spinal nerves leave the spinal cord, passing through the _________, each passing to a different part of the body. Each is also surrounded by a layer of __________ and has a dorsal and ventral root.

Back 101

36
Intervertebral Foramina
Meningeal Dura

Front 102

The dorsal root is comprised of ___ ___ fibers with their cell bodies located in a cluster or ganglion in the ____. The ventral root is comprised of ____ ____ fibers with the cell bodies located in the ____ of the grey matter.

Back 102

Sensory Afferent
Intervertebral Foramen
Motor Efferent
Ventral horn

Front 103

So sensory impulses enter the spinal cord via the _____ root, and motor impulses leave via the _____ root of the spinal nerve.

Back 103

Dorsal
Ventral

Front 104

The PNS includes all the nerves that pass out from the spinal cord to _______ and ________, as well as those that carry impulses back into the CNS.

Back 104

Muscles and Organs

Front 105

Efferent nerves can be divided into 2 broad categories:
1. Those which are part of the PNS-______, supply ______.
2. Those PNS - supplying _______, _________, and ________ from the _________ system.

Back 105

Somatic Nerves
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth and cardiac muscle
Glands from Autonomic System

Front 106

Nerves of the PNS-Somatic Nerves can be further subdivided into _____ and ______, depending upon the part of the body that they innervate.

Back 106

Cranial and Spinal Nerves

Front 107

Cranial Nerves - There are ____ pairs. They can be broken down into 3 categories: Those that carry impulses to the brain like the sense of smell, called _____.

Back 107

12
Cranial Sensory

Front 108

Those that carry impulses from the brain to effector organ like the muscles of the eye, called ______. Those that carry impulses from the brain to the effector organ and back to the brain, called __________.

Back 108

Cranial Motor
Cranial Mixed

Front 109

Name the 12 cranial nerves (using roman numerals)

Back 109

I. Olfactory II. Optic III. Oculomotor IV. Trochlear V. Trigeminal VI. Abducent VII. Facial VIII. Vestibulocochlear IX. Glossopharyngeal X. Vagus XI. Accessory XII. Hypoglossal

Front 110

What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves.

Back 110

On old olympus towering top, a fine, vocal German viewed some hops.

Front 111

What is the first mixed nerve of the 12 cranial nerves?

Back 111

Trigeminal

Front 112

Write sensory, motor, or both for each cranial nerve for the type of nerve.

Back 112

I. Sensory II. Sensory III. Motor IV. Motor V. Both VI. Motor VII. Both VIII. Sensory IX. Both X. Both XI. Motor XII. Motor

Front 113

In certain areas of the body the nerves interweave to produce a complex network of fibers known as a ________.

Back 113

Plexus

Front 114

In the dog the ______ _______ is a network of nerve fibers that gives rise to the radial, ulnar, and medial nerves supplying the forelimb. It runs over the ________.

Back 114

Brachial Plexus
Scapula

Front 115

The ______ ______ is a network of nerve fibers that gives rise to the sciatic, obturator, perineal, pudendal, and others. It runs over the _______.

Back 115

Pelvic Plexus
Pelvis

Front 116

The ______ ______ is a group of nerves that run together in the region of the 7th lumbar vertebrae and the sacral region resembling a mare's tail.

Back 116

Cauda Equina

Front 117

Give the name of the nerve that corresponds with the set of muscles: 1. Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus 2. All pectorals including xiphihumeralis 3. Subscapularis 4. Biceps brachii and brachialis 5. Teres minor and deltoids

Back 117

1. Suprascapular 2. Pectorals 3. Subscapular 4. Musculocutaneous 5. Axillary

Front 118

6. Triceps brachii, anconeus, and extensors distal to the elbow 7. Flexors distal to the elbow. 8. Flexors distal to the elbow not covered #7 9. Latissimus dorsi 10. Cutaneous trunci

Back 118

6. Radial 7. Ulnar 8. Median 9. Thoracodorsal 10. Lateral thoracic

Front 119

Give the name of the nerve that corresponds with the set of muscles: 1. Middle and deep gluteal and tensor fasciae latae 2. Superfcial gluteal, semitendinosus, biceps femoris 3. Sartorius, quadriceps femoris

Back 119

1. Cranial Gluteal (Middle)
2. Caudal Gluteal (Superficial)
3. Femoral

Front 120

4. Adductors, gracilis, pectineus, obturator externus 5. Semimembranosus, biceps femoris, obturator internus, gemelli, quadratus femoris 6. Tibialis cranialis, long digital extensor, peroneus

Back 120

4. Obturator
5. Sciatic
6. Peroneal

Front 121

7. Gastrocnemius, superficial digital flexor, tibialis caudalis, popliteus.

Back 121

7. Tibial

Front 122

A reflex reaction is an inborn, _________ response towards an external stimulus that is mediated by the _______ system.

Back 122

Involuntary
Nervous

Front 123

When Pavlov would associate the bell ringing with food and before long dogs would salivate when they heard the bell only, this type of response is called a ________ ______ response.

Back 123

Conditioned Reflex

Front 124

What is the difference between vital signs and a reflex?

Back 124

Vital signs you do not touch the animal
Reflex you put your hand on the animal

Front 125

If the heart rate of an animal goes up then the respiration goes ______. If the heart rate of an animal goes down the the respiration goes _______.

Back 125

Up
Down

Front 126

In stage 3 anesthetic the pupal is at its _________.

Back 126

Smallest

Front 127

Anesthetic depth can be indicated by the utilization of basic reflexes. Name the 8 that we check for.

Back 127

1. Palpebral (blink reflex) 2. Pedal 3. Ear Flick 4. Corneal 5. Size of pupil 6. Pupillary light 7. Heart and Respiratory 8. Response to surgical stimuli

Front 128

There are 2 forms of the afferent system of the PNS, what are they?

Back 128

1. Somatic sensory neurons
2. Visceral sensory neurons

Front 129

Somatic sensory neurons provide info about the ___________ environment of the animal, and Visceral sensory neurons monitor the _________ environment and organs.

Back 129

External
Internal

Front 130

Most sensory neurons have specialized terminals or cells known as __________, which can be classified in a number of ways, depending on their structure and function.

Back 130

Receptors

Front 131

1. Where they receive their stimulus: a.________ – are stimulated by information from the external environment such as touch, sight, smell, hearing, taste, pressure and temperature.

Back 131

Exteroceptors

Front 132

b. __________ – monitor movements and position of the skeletal muscles and joints. Like if you are upright or falling.

Back 132

Proprioceptors

Front 133

c._________ – monitor the internal environment such as the respiratory, digestive, urinary, cardiovascular and reproductive systems. They are also stimulated by deep pressure and pain.

Back 133

Interoceptors

Front 134

2. Structure of the receptors: a. _______ ____ nerve endings, are involved in detecting touch & painful stimuli are located in the skin, muscles, & viscera. In the cornea are stimulated by touch pressure & temp.

Back 134

Unspecialized Free

Front 135

b. _______ or _______ nerve endings, are located in the dermis of the skin and respond to touch and pressure.
c. _______ ____-________ receptor cells which are located in the ear and eye , as well as the taste buds.

Back 135

Specialized or encapsulated
Specialized non-neuroneal

Front 136

3. Type of stimulus to which the receptor responds: a. _______ – detect chemical changes in the local area around the receptor. Ex: these in the brain detect changes in oxygen & carbon dioxide in blood

Back 136

Chemoreceptors

Front 137

b. ________ – responds to touch and pressure and are predominantly located in the skin. There are also receptors that detect the degree of stretch of muscles in the stomach, lungs and blood vessels.

Back 137

Mechanoreceptors

Front 138

4. __________ are stimulated by changes in temp and are located in the skin.

Back 138

Thermoreceptors

Front 139

5. ______ receptors or ___________, which are usually triggered by any stimulus that may cause tissue damage or injury. Release of chemicals in an area of inflammation may also trigger these receptors.

Back 139

Pain or Nociceptors

Front 140

6. __________ receptors are stimulated by light and are found in the retina of the eye.

Back 140

Electromagnetic

Front 141

When the stimulus first occurs the receptor responds fully, however, if the situation persists the level of response declines until the receptor is no longer stimulated, this in known as ________.

Back 141

Adaptation

Front 142

The _________ __________ system controls those parts of the body that are part of an animal's unconscious actions. The processes are usually essential to life.

Back 142

Autonomic Nervous

Front 143

The ANS is divided into 2 parts: _________ (_______) and _____________ (___________).

Back 143

Sympathetic (adrenergic)
Parasympathetic (cholinergic)

Front 144

The sympathetic part is often referred to as the system that prepares the body for ______ __ _______. Its preganglionic neurons are in the _______ and _______ regions of the spinal cord.

Back 144

Fight or Flight
Thoracic and Lumbar

Front 145

The postganglionic neurons with which they synapse are located in 3 different locations: 1. __________
2. __________
3.__________

Back 145

1. Sympathetic chain ganglia or lateral ganglia
2. Collateral Ganglia
3. Adrenal Medulla

Front 146

__________ ganglia is located on either side of the vertebral column and their neurons affect the head, body wall, limbs, and inside the thorax.

Back 146

Sympathetic Chain

Front 147

What are some of the stimulation causes of sympathetic chain ganglia?

Back 147

Constriction of blood vessels in the skin, increase blood to skeletal muscles and brain, release of lipid from fat stores, dilation of pupils, acceleration of heart rate and strength of cardiac contraction, and bronchodilation.

Front 148

These are located anterior to the bodies of the vertebrae and their neurons affect the tissue and organs of the abdomen and pelvis.

Back 148

Collateral Ganglia

Front 149

What are some if the stimulation causes of collateral ganglia?

Back 149

Reduced blood flow to visceral organs, decreased activity of digestive system, release of glucose from glycogen reserves in the liver, reduction in the rate of formation of urine, and stimulation of release of lipids from fat stores.

Front 150

The _______ _________ is found in the center of each adrenal gland, & is a modified ganglion. It has postganglionic neurons with very short axons, release their neurotransmitters into the blood stream into circul

Back 150

Adrenal Medulla

Front 151

Pharmaceuticals that produce sympathetic responses are referred to as being _________.

Back 151

Adrenergic

Front 152

Neurotransmitters of sympathetic system, on stimulation of the preganglionic neurons, ________ is released at the synapse between the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. These are called _______ synapses.

Back 152

Acetylcholine
Cholinergic

Front 153

The effect of the acetylcholine on the postganglionic neurons is always _________.

Back 153

Excitatory

Front 154

The postgang. neurons, carry the impulse to the _____, & at the junction between the neuron & the _____ another neurotransmitter is released. This is usually ______, in which case we call the synaptic terminals _________.

Back 154

Effector
Effector
Nor-epinephrine
Adrenergic

Front 155

A small number of neuro-effector junctions release acetylcholine (those of the body wall, skin and skeletal muscle); these are called ___________.

Back 155

Cholinergic

Front 156

nor-epinephrine effects ______, epinephrine effects ______ and _____

Back 156

Alpha
Alpha and Beta

Front 157

Alpha receptors can be classified as one of 2 types:
1.
2.

Back 157

1. Alpha 1
2. Alpha 2

Front 158

Alpha 1 receptors are the more common and they generally have an _________ effect.
Alpha 2 receptors generally have an ________ effect.

Back 158

Excitatory
Inhibitory

Front 159

Beta receptors can also be classified as one of two types:
1.
2.

Back 159

1. Beta 1
2. Beta 2

Front 160

Beta 1 receptors cause an increase in __________ of cells. I.e increase in heart rate
Beta 2 receptors tend to have ________ effects ie. Causing relaxation of smooth muscles in the bronchioles

Back 160

Metabolism
Inhibitory

Front 161

Identify the four drugs that compose the catecolamines.

Back 161

Acetylcholine
Epinephrine
Dopamine
L-Dopa and Dopaminagenic

Front 162

Identify the two receptors involved with acetylcholine drug innervations.

Back 162

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

Front 163

Identify the two muscles innervated by the Suprascapular nerve.

Back 163

Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus

Front 164

Identify the following nerves as sensory, motor, or mixed. a olfactory b. trigeminal c. vagus

Back 164

a. Sensory
b. Mixed
c. Mixed

Front 165

This is the time that it takes for the neuron to be able to generate a second action potential from the start of the first.

Back 165

1 millisecond
Action Potential

Front 166

The parasympathetic division had its preganglionic neurons located in the ________ and the ______ _______.

Back 166

Brain
Spinal Cord (Sacral Region)

Front 167

The major nerve that carries info from most of the parasympathetic division is called the ________ ________ and supplies all the organs and structures within the __________ and __________.

Back 167

Vagus Nerve
Thorax and Abdomen

Front 168

In the parasympathetic system only one neurotransmitter functions here, ____________.

Back 168

Acetylcholine

Front 169

There are 2 different types of receptors for the parasympathetic system:
A.
B.

Back 169

Nicotinic
Muscarinic

Front 170

Name the 3 places where nicotinic is found.

Back 170

1. Sympathetic System
2. Parasympathetic System
3. At the junction between nerves and muscles in the somatic nervous system.

Front 171

Name the 2 places where muscarinic can be found.

Back 171

1. In the parasympathetic system at the neuro-effector junction
2. At the neuro-effector junctions of the sympathetic system.

Front 172

In the heart if the sympathetic increases then the parasympathetic will ____________.
In digestive system if the sympathetic decreases then the parasympathetic will ____________.

Back 172

Decreases
Increases

Front 173

Not all organs are dual innervated, for example, the spleen and the adrenal medullae have only ____________ innervation, while the ciliary muscles of the eye are only innervated by the _________ system.

Back 173

Sympathetic
Parasympathetic

Front 174

The parasympathetic system exerts a basal tone on the activity of the heart via the __________ ___________.

Back 174

Vagus Nerve

Front 175

More complex processes require the use of higher levels in the brain and are coordinated within the __________ ___________.

Back 175

Medulla Oblongata

Front 176

The medulla and pons contain both the cardiac and respiratory centers, as well as those areas involved with _______, _______ _______, ______________, and _________ __________.

Back 176

Salivation
Digestive Secretion
Movement of the intestines
Urinary Function

Front 177

The medulla and pons are regulated by the ______________.

Back 177

Hypothalamus