A&p Lecture Test 1

Front 1

What deals with structures so small we need a microscope?

Back 1

Microscopic Anatomy

Front 2

What deals with body parts large enough to to be seen with the unaided eye?

Back 2

Macroscopic Anatomy

Front 3

What would be the study of legs, thorax, etc.?

Back 3

Regional Anatomy

Front 4

What would be the study of systems?

Back 4

Systematic Anatomy

Front 5

What plane divides the body into cranial and caudal?

Back 5

Transverse Plane

Front 6

What plane divides the body into equal left and right planes?

Back 6

Median Plane

Front 7

What plane divides the body into dorsal and ventral?

Back 7

Dorsal Plane

Front 8

What plane divides the body into unequal left and right halves?

Back 8

Sagittal Plane

Front 9

What term means that the left and right halves are of the body are essentially mirror images of each other?

Back 9

Bilateral Symmetry

Front 10

What two things does the dorsal body cavity contain?

Back 10

Brain and spinal cord

Front 11

What two cavities make up the ventral body cavity?

Back 11

Thoracic Cavity and Abdominal Cavity

Front 12

What is the lining of the thoracic cavity?

Back 12

Pleura

Front 13

What's the name of the side that covers the organs? The entire cavity?

Back 13

Visceral and Parietal

Front 14

What is the lining of the abdominal cavity?

Back 14

Peritoneum

Front 15

What is the basic functional unit of animal life?

Back 15

Cell

Front 16

What 5 life functions must be carried out to survive?

Back 16

Growth, reproduction, seek out food, respond to positive and negative stimuli, eliminate waste.

Front 17

When specialized cells group together they form what?

Back 17

Tissues

Front 18

What are the four basic tissues?

Back 18

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Front 19

Give an example of epithelial tissue?

Back 19

Lining of the mouth

Front 20

What are the three means of communication in the body?

Back 20

Nervous, Lymphatic, Circulatory

Front 21

What is name for epithelium that opens to the outside? Does not open to the outside?

Back 21

Outside - Mucosal
Inside - Serosal

Front 22

Which epithelium is delicate, single-layered, and flat-celled? Give an example.

Back 22

Simple Squamous Epithelium
Ex: Filtration membranes of kidneys

Front 23

Which epithelium is single-layered and cube shaped? Give an example.

Back 23

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Ex: Lining of the ducts of the liver

Front 24

Which epithelium is single-layered and column shaped? Give an example.

Back 24

Simple Columnar Epithelium
Ex: Excretory ducts

Front 25

Which epithelium is single-layered columnar that appear to be stratified? Give an example.

Back 25

Pseudostratified Epithelium
Ex: Nasal Cavity

Front 26

Which epithelium tissue is composed of multiple layers of flat cells? Give an example.

Back 26

Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Ex: Lining the mouth

Front 27

Which epithelial tissue has multiple layers of cube shaped cells? Give an example.

Back 27

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
Ex: Ducts of mammary glands

Front 28

Which epithelial tissue has multiple layers of columnar cells? Give an example.

Back 28

Stratified Columnar Epithelium
Ex: Large ducts of mammary glands

Front 29

Which epithelial tissue can expand and contrast, and may appear columnar, cuboidal or squamous? Give an example.

Back 29

Transitional Epithelium
Ex: Urinary bladder

Front 30

In nervous tissue what is the process (nerve fiber) called if they conduct impulses away from the cell body? Towards the cell body?

Back 30

Away - Axon
Towards - Dendrite

Front 31

The _______ consist of a nerve cell body and two or more nerve processes.

Back 31

Neuron

Front 32

Which tissue gives form and strength to organs, and provides protection and leverage?

Back 32

Connective Tissue

Front 33

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Back 33

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

Front 34

What are made up of tissues that work together for a common purpose?

Back 34

Organs

Front 35

What is the name for a group of organs that are involved in a common set of activities?

Back 35

System

Front 36

Which tissue ranges from adipose to bone, and makes up the animals major weight contribution?

Back 36

Connective Tissue

Front 37

What is the state of normal anatomy and physiology?

Back 37

Health

Front 38

What is the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium in the body?

Back 38

Homeostasis

Front 39

The word ________ implies activity, energy, change, and work, and ________ refers to balance.

Back 39

Dynamic and Equilibrium

Front 40

Which two systems are primarily responsible for homeostasis?

Back 40

Endocrine and Nervous

Front 41

What is the study of prenatal development of an individual beginning with the zygote?

Back 41

Embroyology

Front 42

What are the 5 stages of a baby?

Back 42

Egg, Zygote, Embryo, Fetus, and new born

Front 43

How many weeks does it take, in dogs, to implant the zygote into the uterus?

Back 43

2 Weeks

Front 44

Give 3 examples of endoderm.

Back 44

Lungs, gut, and liver

Front 45

Give 3 examples of ectoderm.

Back 45

Skin, hair, hooves

Front 46

Give 3 examples of mesoderm.

Back 46

Kidneys, blood, and cartilage

Front 47

Epithelia that release chemical substances are called what?

Back 47

Grandular Epithelium

Front 48

What are the 6 functions of epithelia?

Back 48

1. Protects, lines, and covers. 2. Filters biochemical substances. 3. Absorb nutrients 4. Provide sensory output 5. Manufactures secretions 6. Manufactures excretions

Front 49

Grandular epithelium - Individually are _______ and organized they are called ________.

Back 49

Individually - Goblet Cells
Organized - Beta Cells

Front 50

Which surface on an epithelial cell faces the lumen or cavity? Which surface faces the connective tissue?

Back 50

Lumen - Apical
Tissue - Basal

Front 51

What are the 3 types of junctions?

Back 51

Gap junction, Tight junction, and Spot Desmosomes.

Front 52

Which junction is formed by fusion of the outermost layers of the plasma membrane of adjoining cells and prevents passage through from the apical surface to the basal end?

Back 52

Tight junction

Front 53

Which junction connects the plasma membranes of adjacent cells, and is strong?

Back 53

Spot Desmosomes

Front 54

Which junction is linked by tubular channel proteins, called connexons.

Back 54

Gap Junction

Front 55

Blood Vessels have ___1___ surfaces. Microvilli are found in the __2____. Brush boarder are found in the ____3_____. ___4____ is smooth and has ___5_____ for water proofing.

Back 55

1. Smooth 2.Intestines 3.Trachea 4. Skin 5.keratin

Front 56

Which epithelium is delicate and thin, and found lining surfaces involved in passage of gas or liquid?

Back 56

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Front 57

What is the name for the simple squamous epithelium found in the pleura, pericardial, and peritoneal?

Back 57

Mesothelium

Front 58

What is the simple squamous epithelium found in the blood and lymphatic vessels?

Back 58

Endothelium

Front 59

What is the simple squamous epithelium found in the brain, eye, and discreet areas?

Back 59

Mesenchymal

Front 60

________ will cause the vessels to dilate, resulting in movement of the cells sliding apart and allowing ________ and protein rich ________ to escape into the tissue.

Back 60

Histamine
WBC
Plasma

Front 61

Which epithelium is a single layer of square cells with a dark staining nuclei, and occurs where secretion and absorption occur? Where is it found?

Back 61

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium found in the ducts of the liver.

Front 62

Which epithelium is elongated and closely packed together, and line the gastrointestinal tract?

Back 62

Simple Coulmnar

Front 63

Which epithelium consists of various layers, with cuboidal cells forming the base, and occur in regions of the body that are subject to mechanical and chemical stresses?

Back 63

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Front 64

Which epithelium generally occurs as two layers of cuboidal cells, found along large excretory ducts?

Back 64

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Front 65

__________ is vasodilatation and reduce cardio output.

Back 65

Shock

Front 66

Which epithelial cells appear to be stratified because the nuclei are found at different levels?

Back 66

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Front 67

Which epithlial cells have the ability to stretch?

Back 67

Transitional Epithelium

Front 68

Which epithelium cells that have the ability to manufacture and discharge a secretion?

Back 68

Grandular Epithelium

Front 69

Cell is intact = ________
A part of the cell is lost = ___________
Entire cells is lost = _________

Back 69

Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine

Front 70

________ + __________ = Mucus

Back 70

Mucin

Front 71

Epithelial pathologies : What is a solid elevation, influx of inflammatory cells into the dermis?

Back 71

Papule

Front 72

What is a small circumscribed area within the epidermis filled with pus?

Back 72

Pustule

Front 73

What is a small circumscribed area within or below the epidermis filled with clear fluid?

Back 73

Vesicle

Front 74

What is a sharply circumscribed, raised lesion that appears and disappears?

Back 74

Wheal

Front 75

What is a solid elevation that extends into deeper layers of skin?

Back 75

Nodule

Front 76

What is a large mass involving skin or subcutaneous tissue?

Back 76

Tumor

Front 77

Name the study of for the following:
Urinary, Integumentary, Articular, Muscle, Circulatory, Sensory, endocrine, skeletal, (digestive, respiratory,urinary, and reproductive).

Back 77

Urology, Dermatology, Arthrology, Myology, Cardiology, Esthesiology, Endocrinology, Osteology, (Splanchnology)

Front 78

What is a accumulation of loose fragments of the horny layer of the skin?

Back 78

Scales

Front 79

What is a increased epidermal and/or dermal melanin?

Back 79

Hyperpigmentation

Front 80

What is a dilated hair follicle filled with corneocytes and sebaceous material?

Back 80

Comedones

Front 81

What is a scale of loose keratin flakes or "peeling" keratin arranged in a circle?

Back 81

Epidermal Collarette

Front 82

What is a shallow epidermal defect that does not penetrate the basal membrane?

Back 82

Erosion

Front 83

What is a focal loss of epidermis with exposure of underlying dermis?

Back 83

Ulcer

Front 84

What is thickening and hardening of the skin?

Back 84

Lichenification

Front 85

What 3 components is all connective tissue composed of?

Back 85

Ground Substance, Cells, Fibers

Front 86

A mixture of the fibers and ground substance produce the _________.

Back 86

Extracellular Matrix

Front 87

What is the medium through with cells exchange nutrients and waste with the bloodstream?

Back 87

Ground Substance

Front 88

Name the 3 fibers of connective tissue.

Back 88

Collagenous, reticular, and elastic

Front 89

Which is the most commonly found in the body?

Back 89

Collagenous

Front 90

In Collagenous fibers the fibers are found in ________ and __________.

Back 90

Tendons and ligaments

Front 91

In collagenous fibers the fiber itself is white, and is often called _________.

Back 91

White fibers

Front 92

Which fiber is composed of collagen, and is thin, delicate, and branched?

Back 92

Reticular Fibers

Front 93

Which fiber is coiled and can stretch and contract like a rubber band?

Back 93

Elastic Fibers

Front 94

Because of their color, the elastic fibers are often called ____________.

Back 94

Yellow Fibers

Front 95

Those cells that remain in the connective tissue are called ___________ cells.

Back 95

Fixed Cells

Front 96

Cells that pass in and out of the connective tissue are called __________ cells.

Back 96

Transient

Front 97

Fixed cells are involved in the production and maintenance of the ____________.

Back 97

Matrix

Front 98

Transient cells are involved in ___________ and ___________ primarily.

Back 98

Repair and protection

Front 99

Fixed cells include ___________, ____________, ____________, __________, and ____________.

Back 99

Fibroblast, Chondroblast, Osteoblast, Adipocytes, and Reticular cells.

Front 100

Fat cells group into groups know as _______________.

Back 100

Adipose Tissue

Front 101

____________ are large, irregularly shaped that make and secrete both fibers and ground substances.

Back 101

Fibroblast

Front 102

____________ are flat star shaped cells with long out reaching arms forming net-like connections.

Back 102

Reticular Cells

Front 103

Reticular cells are involved in the ____________ response.

Back 103

Immune

Front 104

What are the 3 types of transient or wandering cells?

Back 104

Leukocytes, Mast Cells, and Macrophages

Front 105

_____________ are white blood cells.

Back 105

Leukocytes

Front 106

Leukocytes can squeeze between the spaces between the ________________ cells of the capillaries to enter the surrounding tissue, this is known as _____________.

Back 106

Squamous epithelial and Diapedesis

Front 107

___________ cells have dark-staining granules in the cytoplasm. These granules contain __________, ____________, and ____________.

Back 107

Mast; Histamine, Heparin, and Serotonin

Front 108

____________ promotes dilation of the vessels increasing diapedesis.

Back 108

Histamine

Front 109

__________ are large having a primary job of phagocytizing scavenger.

Back 109

Macrophages

Front 110

Macrophages have different names depending on the tissue they're in. Name the macrophages for each location/tissue: Liver, Brain, Loose connective tissue, Blood Stream.

Back 110

Kupffer cells, Microglial, Histiocytes, and Monocyte.

Front 111

Connective tissue is divided into two broad categories : Connective tissue ___________ and ____________ connective tissue.

Back 111

Proper and specialized

Front 112

The two subclasses of connective tissue proper are ___________ connective tissue and _____________ connective tissue.

Back 112

Loose and Dense

Front 113

Loose connective tissue includes ____________, ____________, and ___________.

Back 113

Areolar, Reticular, and Adipose

Front 114

Dense connective tissue includes __________, ____________, and ___________.

Back 114

Dense regular, Dense irregular, and Elastic

Front 115

Which is the most common type of tissue, found everywhere in the body?

Back 115

Areolar

Front 116

Areolar tissue forms the ____________ layer that connects __________ to _____________.

Back 116

Subcutaneous, skin to muscle

Front 117

Which tissue is highly vascularized and a thermal insulator?

Back 117

Adipose

Front 118

Name 3 places where adipose tissue is found.

Back 118

Behind the eyeballs, on the surface of the heart, and surrounding the joints.

Front 119

Name the 2 types of adipose tissue.

Back 119

White and Brown

Front 120

Which type of adipose tissue is found throughout the body? Which is found in newborns and in animals that hibernate?

Back 120

Throughout body - White
Newborns/hibernate - Brown

Front 121

Which tissue is 3D network of thin fibers and contains loosely arranged fibers and many fibroblast suspended in a supportive ground substance?

Back 121

Reticular

Front 122

In reticular tissue the cellular and matrix components form a network called a ____________ which constitutes the framework of several organs, such as ___________, ___________, and ___________.

Back 122

Stroma; Liver, Spleen, and Lymph nodes.

Front 123

Compaired to loose connective tissue, this tissue has a densly packed arrangement of collagen fibers.

Back 123

Dense connective tissue

Front 124

What are the 3 major types of dense fibrous tissue?

Back 124

Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, and Elastic

Front 125

Which tissue is tightly packed, parallel collagen fibers, that have tremendous strength but only in one direction?

Back 125

Dense Regular

Front 126

Dense regular makes up sheets that cover muscle, called ____________.

Back 126

Fascial Sheets

Front 127

This tissue is composed primarily of collagen fibers arranged in thick bundles.

Back 127

Dense Irregular

Front 128

Dense irregular is found in the ____________ of the skin and in fibrous coverings at organs such as the __________, ___________, and ____________.

Back 128

Dermis; Kidneys, Liver, and Spleen

Front 129

Ligaments can stretch more than tendons because they have a larger number of ___________ fibers.

Back 129

Elastic Fibers

Front 130

The horse has a large _________ ____________ in the neck allowing them to be extremely flexible, and lower their head for long periods of time.

Back 130

Nuchal Ligament

Front 131

Elastic tissue can be found in the walls of __________, ___________, and ___________.

Back 131

Arteries, Stomach, and Bladder

Front 132

This connective tissue is commonly called ___________, its more rigid then dense connective and more flexible than blood.

Back 132

Gristle aka Cartilage

Front 133

There are 3 types of cartilage ___________, ____________, and ___________.

Back 133

Elastic, Hyaline, and Fibrous

Front 134

This cartilage is the most common, and is found at the ends of long bones.

Back 134

Hyaline

Front 135

Which is the most rigid type of cartilage?

Back 135

Hyaline

Front 136

This cartilage contains a huge mass of elastic fibers, that appear black microscopically.

Back 136

Elastic

Front 137

Elastic cartilage is found commonly in the ____________, and the ___________.

Back 137

External Ear and Epiglottis

Front 138

Which cartilage contains thick bundles of collagen fibers, found in the spaces between vertebrae of the spine.

Back 138

Fibrocartilage

Front 139

What is the hardest most rigid type of connective tissue?

Back 139

Bone

Front 140

The Liquid component of blood is the __________.

Back 140

Plasma

Front 141

Blood cells are: ____________, ______________, and _______________.

Back 141

Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, and Thrombocytes

Front 142

Four common types of epithelial membranes are __________, ____________, _______________, and _____________.

Back 142

Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous, and Synovial.

Front 143

Mucosae membranes are always found lining the organs with connections to the ____________.

Back 143

Outside

Front 144

The epithelial layer in mucous membranes is usually composed of either stratified squamous or simple colimnar epithelium, and it covers a layer of loose connective tissue called the __________ ___________.

Back 144

Lamina Propria

Front 145

Mucosae can produce large quantities of protective and lubricating ________.

Back 145

Mucus

Front 146

____________ or ________________ are responsible for the production and secretion of mucus that consist primarily of water, electrolytes, and a protein called mucin.

Back 146

Goblet cells or multicellular glands

Front 147

Serous membranes line walls and cover the organs that fill ________ body cavities, such as the __________, _________, __________, and ___________.

Back 147

Closed; Chest, thorax, abdominal, and pelvic.

Front 148

The interstitial fluid that passes in the serosa layers is ___________, and is thin and watery.

Back 148

Transudate

Front 149

When cells, protein, and other solid material mix with serous fluid, it becomes denser than a transudate and is called an ___________.

Back 149

Exudate

Front 150

When an abnormal large amount of fluid enters a body cavity, the fluid is known as an ___________.

Back 150

Effusion

Front 151

The stomach is connected to the abdominal wall by mesentery called the ___________. The uterus is similarly attached via the _________ _____________.

Back 151

Omentum
Broad Ligament

Front 152

The cutaneous membran is also called _____________, or more simply, _______.

Back 152

Integument
Skin

Front 153

_________ is responsible for the waterproof quality of skin.

Back 153

Keratin

Front 154

Synovial membranes line the cavities of ________.

Back 154

Joints

Front 155

Unlike other membranes, synovial membranes have no _____________, they are composed exclusively of ______________ ___________.

Back 155

Epithelium
Connective tissue

Front 156

Muscle cells/fibers are uniquely designed for ____________. The fibers are composed of specialized proteins called _________ and __________.

Back 156

Contraction
Actin and Myosin

Front 157

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.

Back 157

Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth

Front 158

Skeletal muscle is controlled through conscious efforts, therefore it is __________.

Back 158

Voluntary

Front 159

Smooth and Cardiac muscle contractions cannot be consciously controlled, therefore it is ___________.

Back 159

Involuntary

Front 160

Name the layers of the digestive tract from inside out.

Back 160

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscle, and Serosa.

Front 161

In cardiac muscle the cells are connected to each other by ____________ ______.

Back 161

Intercalated Disk

Front 162

Nervous tissue is designed to receive and transmit __________ and __________ signals.

Back 162

Electrical and Chemical

Front 163

Nervous tissue is composed primarily of two general cell types, ________ and __________.

Back 163

Neurons and Neuroglial cells

Front 164

What does the central nervous system consist of?

Back 164

Brain and Spinal Cord

Front 165

Neurons are composed of 3 primary parts, name them.

Back 165

Perikaryon (stroma)
Dendrites
Axon

Front 166

Neuroglial cells serve to __________ the neurons.

Back 166

Support

Front 167

The bodies initial response to injuries is ____________.

Back 167

Inflammation

Front 168

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

Back 168

Heat, Swelling, Redness, Pain, and Loss of function

Front 169

Inflammation begins with in 5-10mins. with _______________, followed by a sustained period of _____________.

Back 169

Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation.

Front 170

_____________ and ____________ molecules are released from the mast cells which stimulate vasodilation and increase permeability of the capillaries.

Back 170

Histamine and Heparin

Front 171

Fluid from the plasma, composed of ___________, ____________, and ___________, pour into the affected area, causing swelling of the soft tissue structures.

Back 171

Enzymes, Antibodies, and Protein.

Front 172

In wounds that are infected, ___________, and ______________ are responsible for ______________, and disposing of invasive microorganisms.

Back 172

Neutrophils and macrophages.
Phagocytizing

Front 173

A new bright pink tissue called __________ tissue, forms beneath the overlaying blood clot or scab.

Back 173

Granulation

Front 174

In some cases granulation tissue becomes too thick and stands out above the epithelial layer, this is known as __________ __________.

Back 174

Proud Flesh

Front 175

Epithelial cells around the wound edges actively divide to lay down a new layer of epithelial tissue over the granulation tissue, this process is called ____________.

Back 175

Epithelialization

Front 176

Describe first intention wound repair.

Back 176

First - Skin forms primary union w/o formation of granulation tissue or scar formation.

Front 177

Describe second intention wound repair.

Back 177

Second - Edges separated from one another, in which granulation tissue forms to close the gap, with a line of scar.

Front 178

Describe third intention wound repair.

Back 178

Third - Larger, more extensive wounds are usually involved, so its slower than second.

Front 179

What deals with the form and structure of the body?

Back 179

Anatomy

Front 180

What deals with the function and how things work?

Back 180

Physioligy

Front 181

What is included in the thoracic cavity?

Back 181

Heart, lungs, esophagus, and many major blood vessels

Front 182

What is included in the abdomen?

Back 182

Digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.

Front 183

Epithelial tissues main job is to ________ body surfaces.

Back 183

Cover

Front 184

Muscle tissue ________ the body inside and out.

Back 184

Moves

Front 185

What is another name for microanatomy?

Back 185

Histology