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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define cellular respiration
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chemical process in which simple food molecules are decomposed to produce energy which is stored in atp molecules
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What are the two types of cellular resperation?
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Anaerobic-does not require O2
Aerobic- requires O2 |
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What are the two types of anerobic cellular resperation?
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Alcoholic-main product is ethyl alcohol
Lactic-main product is lactic acid |
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Molecule
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Unit made by covalent bonds
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Compound
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Substance made of different kinds of atoms, both ionic and covalent
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inorganic compound vs organic compound
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inorganic-no carbon
organic- has carbon |
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Carbohydrates
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C,H,O in ratios of C^n H^n2 O^n (starches)
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Monosaccharides
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Carbohydrates made from 1 simple sugar
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Pentoses
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Monosaccharides made of 5 carbon atoms with corresponding H and O. ex. deoxyribose, ribose
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Hexoses
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Monosaccharides made of 6 carbon atoms with corresponding H and O. ex. glucose, fructose, galactose
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Disaccharides
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Carbohydrates made of 2 bound simple sugars ex. maltose, sucrose, lactose
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Maltose
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Disaccharide made of 2 glucose molecules
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Sucrose
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Disaccharide made of one glucose bound to a fructose
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Lactose
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Disaccharide made of 1 glucose bound to a galactose
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Polysaccharide
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Carbohydrates made from many(poly) simple sugars ex. cellulose, glycogen
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Cellulose
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Polysaccharide making the cell walls of plant cells
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Glycogen
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Polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscles of animals
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Lipids
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Elements C,H,O, differ from carbohydrates because they have less O. Lipids produce double the amount of energy as the same size carbohydrates
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Proteins
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Elements C,H,O,N,S, the basic structural material of the body
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Amino Acids
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basic molecular units of protiens, they bind in long chains of polypeptides (many amino acids)
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How many amino acids are there and what are a few
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20, methionine, leucine, serine, valine
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How do proteins differ
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sequences of their amino acids, different lengths of polypeptides, number of polypeptides and the combination of any of the above
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How many structural levels of complexity is there in proteins and what are they
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4, Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures
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What is primary structure
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simplest protein structure, a single straight polypeptide
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What is secondary structure
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One or two polypeptides coil (Alpha helix) or link side by side to form a pleated sheet(beta pleated)
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What is tertiary structure
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Alpha helix or beta pleated regions of a polypeptide fold upon themselves forming a globular shape
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What is Quaternary Structure
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structure made of two or more polypeptides where ones making the protein are arranged alpha coil or beta pleat in a particular and unique way.
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What are the functional classifications of proteins
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functional, structural
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What are structural proteins
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(fibrous) building proteins that make structures in cells
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What are functional proteins
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(globular) participate in chemical process ex. hormones, enzymes,
proteins can be denatured |
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What are enzymes
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organic catalysts in organisms that hare specific in terms of substrates on which they act (lock and key analogy)
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What are Nucleic acids
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C,H,O,N,P
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Triglyceride
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lipids that are called neutral fats, composed of fatty acids and glycerol in a 3:1 ratio
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Saturated lipids
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refer to fatty acid chains with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
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Unsaturated (monounsaturated, polyunsaturated) lipids
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Fatty acids that contain 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms
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Trans fat
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oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of double carbon bonds
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omega-3 fatty acids
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found in cold water fish and decrease the risk of heart disease
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Phospholipids
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diglycerides with phosphorus-containing group and 2 fatty acid chains (modified tryglycerides)
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What are the 2 ways organisms absorb food
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Autotroph, Heterotroph
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Autotroph
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Produce their own food
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Heterotroph
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not capable of producing own food and have to get it from others
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What are the three main groups of heterotroph
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herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
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What is Cellular Respiration
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chemical process in which simple food molecules are decomposed to produce energy which is stored in ATP molecules
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Anaerobic
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cellular respiration that does not require O2
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Aerobic
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cellular respiration that requires O2
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What are the 2 types of Anaerobic respiration
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Alcoholic fermentation producing ethyl alcohol
Lactic fermentation producing lactic acid |
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Define Irritability (responsiveness)
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the capacity to respond to stimulus
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What is stimulus
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A change in a physical or chemical factor that triggers a response
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What is reproduction
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the ability make copies of the same kind
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What are the two types of reproduction
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asaxual and sexual
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Dioecious
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Used to describe something with only one type of gamete (sperm/ova)
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Monoecious
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Describes something that has all the gametes needed to reproduce
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Adaptability
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capacity to develop survival traits
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Growth and size
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Living things dont stay the same size, they grow throughout their life but have a general size and shape for that species
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Define Homeostasis
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the balance of physical and chemical factors in the organism
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Negative feedback mechanism
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triggered by disturbance in homeostasis and acts opposite of the change in a variable
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Positive feedback mechanism
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rare, it enhances the original stimulus thus causes further response in the same direction in a waterfall effect
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