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57 Cards in this Set

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Define cellular respiration
chemical process in which simple food molecules are decomposed to produce energy which is stored in atp molecules
What are the two types of cellular resperation?
Anaerobic-does not require O2
Aerobic- requires O2
What are the two types of anerobic cellular resperation?
Alcoholic-main product is ethyl alcohol
Lactic-main product is lactic acid
Molecule
Unit made by covalent bonds
Compound
Substance made of different kinds of atoms, both ionic and covalent
inorganic compound vs organic compound
inorganic-no carbon
organic- has carbon
Carbohydrates
C,H,O in ratios of C^n H^n2 O^n (starches)
Monosaccharides
Carbohydrates made from 1 simple sugar
Pentoses
Monosaccharides made of 5 carbon atoms with corresponding H and O. ex. deoxyribose, ribose
Hexoses
Monosaccharides made of 6 carbon atoms with corresponding H and O. ex. glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates made of 2 bound simple sugars ex. maltose, sucrose, lactose
Maltose
Disaccharide made of 2 glucose molecules
Sucrose
Disaccharide made of one glucose bound to a fructose
Lactose
Disaccharide made of 1 glucose bound to a galactose
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates made from many(poly) simple sugars ex. cellulose, glycogen
Cellulose
Polysaccharide making the cell walls of plant cells
Glycogen
Polysaccharide stored in the liver and muscles of animals
Lipids
Elements C,H,O, differ from carbohydrates because they have less O. Lipids produce double the amount of energy as the same size carbohydrates
Proteins
Elements C,H,O,N,S, the basic structural material of the body
Amino Acids
basic molecular units of protiens, they bind in long chains of polypeptides (many amino acids)
How many amino acids are there and what are a few
20, methionine, leucine, serine, valine
How do proteins differ
sequences of their amino acids, different lengths of polypeptides, number of polypeptides and the combination of any of the above
How many structural levels of complexity is there in proteins and what are they
4, Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures
What is primary structure
simplest protein structure, a single straight polypeptide
What is secondary structure
One or two polypeptides coil (Alpha helix) or link side by side to form a pleated sheet(beta pleated)
What is tertiary structure
Alpha helix or beta pleated regions of a polypeptide fold upon themselves forming a globular shape
What is Quaternary Structure
structure made of two or more polypeptides where ones making the protein are arranged alpha coil or beta pleat in a particular and unique way.
What are the functional classifications of proteins
functional, structural
What are structural proteins
(fibrous) building proteins that make structures in cells
What are functional proteins
(globular) participate in chemical process ex. hormones, enzymes,
proteins can be denatured
What are enzymes
organic catalysts in organisms that hare specific in terms of substrates on which they act (lock and key analogy)
What are Nucleic acids
C,H,O,N,P
Triglyceride
lipids that are called neutral fats, composed of fatty acids and glycerol in a 3:1 ratio
Saturated lipids
refer to fatty acid chains with single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
Unsaturated (monounsaturated, polyunsaturated) lipids
Fatty acids that contain 1 or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Trans fat
oils that have been solidified by addition of H atoms at sites of double carbon bonds
omega-3 fatty acids
found in cold water fish and decrease the risk of heart disease
Phospholipids
diglycerides with phosphorus-containing group and 2 fatty acid chains (modified tryglycerides)
What are the 2 ways organisms absorb food
Autotroph, Heterotroph
Autotroph
Produce their own food
Heterotroph
not capable of producing own food and have to get it from others
What are the three main groups of heterotroph
herbivores, carnivores, omnivores
What is Cellular Respiration
chemical process in which simple food molecules are decomposed to produce energy which is stored in ATP molecules
Anaerobic
cellular respiration that does not require O2
Aerobic
cellular respiration that requires O2
What are the 2 types of Anaerobic respiration
Alcoholic fermentation producing ethyl alcohol
Lactic fermentation producing lactic acid
Define Irritability (responsiveness)
the capacity to respond to stimulus
What is stimulus
A change in a physical or chemical factor that triggers a response
What is reproduction
the ability make copies of the same kind
What are the two types of reproduction
asaxual and sexual
Dioecious
Used to describe something with only one type of gamete (sperm/ova)
Monoecious
Describes something that has all the gametes needed to reproduce
Adaptability
capacity to develop survival traits
Growth and size
Living things dont stay the same size, they grow throughout their life but have a general size and shape for that species
Define Homeostasis
the balance of physical and chemical factors in the organism
Negative feedback mechanism
triggered by disturbance in homeostasis and acts opposite of the change in a variable
Positive feedback mechanism
rare, it enhances the original stimulus thus causes further response in the same direction in a waterfall effect