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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What shape are RBC's? and Why?
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Biconcave disks = more area for gas diffusion
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Do RBC have a nucleus?
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No = makes more room for Hemoglobin
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What is Hemoglobin in RBC?
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Carries Oxygen.
-Each contains 4 polypeptide chains -can carry 4 oxygens -each rbc has 280million Hemoglobin, so 1billion Oxygens. |
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What substances are carried by RBC's?
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Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Nitric Oxide
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Production of RBC?
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-developed in red blood marrow (process called ERYTHROPOIESIS)
-Hemocytoblasts -> Proerythroblost -> Reticulocyte |
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How long do RBC's live?
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110-120 days due to no nucleus
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What does Erythroprotein do?
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Hormone that controls RBC production
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What is Hematocrit? What's Normal?
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measurement of percentage of RBCs in blood.
Norma @sea level: 30-45% in females 41-47% in males |
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What is Platelet Count? What's Normal?
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Measures Platelets per Microliter of blood.
Normal: 250,000-400,000/mL |
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What is RBC count?
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HCT= 40-54% in Males
38-47% in Females |
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WBC Count Test?
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Measures amount of WBC in a Microliter of Blood.
Normal: 5,000-10,000/mL |
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Differential WBC count Test?
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Determines which type of WBC is involved in an infection or inflammation.
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How does ABO Blood Grouping Work?
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A&B antigens=CODOMINANT
O antigen=RECESSIVE A+B = type AB A+O = type A B+O = type B O+O = type O |
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What is the Importance of Antibodies in ABO Blood Grouping?
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When Incompatible bloods are mixed together a dangerous reaction occurse between antigens of the Donor and Recipient antigens.
-results in RBC's BURSTING (HEMOLYSIS), and resulting in a Transfusion Reaction. |
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What is the Bursting of RBC's Called?
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Hemolysis
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What is the Universal Donor Blood Type?
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O
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What is the Universal Recipient Blood type?
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AB
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How can ABO blood typing Exclude a Man as a father of a child?
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if the father is typeAB, and the child is typeO, then he cannot be the father of a child because typeO can only come from 2 typeO parents.
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RH system and Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn:
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1) RH- is recessive and needs RH- trait from BOTH parents.
2) RH- has no anti RH+ antibodies until it is exposed to RH+ blood. HEMOLYTIC DISEASE OF NEWBORN: occurs when mother is RH- and has RH+ fetus. -first pregnancy has no problems (the antibodies are not developed yet) -later pregnancies, if are RH+, will have problems due to mothers antibodies to RH+ from first pregnancy. -fetus can end up with HYPOXIA, ANEMIA, and BRAIN DAMAGE -can be AVOIDED if mother gets 2 RHOGAM shots; one during pregnancy, and one within 72 hours after. (doesn't allow mothers body to make the antibodies) |
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How does ASA (aspirin) affect blood? Is it Good/Bad thing?
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GOOD: people with heart problems can take it and it helps blood circulate better
BAD: it makes it much harder for the blood to clot because it thins it out. |
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What happens to the bilirubin when old RBC's are broken down?
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Release into the Plasma -> binds with Albumin -> transported to Liver = FREE HEMOGLOBIN.
-Free Hemoglobin is taken up by Liver Cells and joined to Glucuronic Acid to form CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN which becomes part of Bile (stored in gall bladder) |
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How do ACE inhibitors affect Blood Pressure?
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LOWERS BLOOD PRESSURE.
by block action of ANGIOTENSIN enzyme from converting ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II. |
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How do Platelets function when there is an injury to a blood vessel? 3 steps?
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Hemostasis Occurs (stoppage of bleeding)
1) VASCULAR SPASMS - constriction of smooth muscle of blood vessels decreasing blood lost. 2) PLATELET PLUG - forms plug that temporarily seals break in vessel wall. 3) COAGULATION - for more extensive damage. clot is formed. not always needed. |
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What is a Clot?
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network of threadlike protein fibers called FIBRIN that trap blood cells, platelets and fluids. dependent upon COAGULATION FACTORS.
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What is von Willebrand Factor?
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involved in Platelet Plug Formation.
-a protein secreted by blood vessel -forms bridges between the platelets and collagen found within vessel wall -reactions cause plateles to collect @site &release chemicals by EXOCYTOSIS. -activated platelets form FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR that bind with FIBRINOGEN &within 1 minute a Platelet Plug is formed! |
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What WBC's are Granulocytes?
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Neutrophils (60-70%), Eosinophils (2-4%), Basophils (.5-1%).
(have granules and lobed nucleus; developed in RED BONE MARROW) |
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Wich WBC's are Agranulocytes?
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Lymphocytes (20-25%), Monocytes (3-8%)
no granules, developed in RBM & lymphoid tissue |
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What are Megakaaryocytes? How is it important in Platelet formation?
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they flake off and become Platelets
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What are Proerythroblasts?
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develop in to Red Blood Cells
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What are Mycoblasts?
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Develop into the GRANULOCYTE WBC's:
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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What are Lymphoblasts?
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Develop into Lymphocytes
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What are Monocytes?
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Develop into Monocytes
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What are Megakaryocytes?
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break off and become platelets
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What are Stem Cells?
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all formed elements derived from single population.
can be any type of cell |
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What are causes of ANEMIA?
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-blood loss
-cancer,radiation,drugs -lack of iron -lack of INTRINSIC FACTOR |
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What is different about the Lymphocytes in a person with Infectious Mononucleosis?
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the number of them goes way up, they are abnormal and large.
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What type of WBC's are affected in a person with a parasitic infection? how are they affected?
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Eosinophils.
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What is Fibrinolysis?
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removes unneeded clot when healing occurs.
begins within 2 days and continues over several days until clot is dissolved. |
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Whats the difference in thrombus and embolus?
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thrombus stays in place and emblolus does not.
(reading) |
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What affect does increased altitude have on RBC production?
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the production and number increases as altitude increases
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How does Cirrhosis of the liver afffect blood clotting?
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unable to synthesize the procoaugulants, even if Vitamin K is present
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How might a transfusion reaction affect the kidneys?
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RBC can clump up and clog nephrons.
due to release of hemoglobin into blood causing blockage and destruction and renal shutdown |
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What factors affect blood Coagulation?
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COAGULATION FACTORS that circulate within blood plasma until needed.
for more extensive damage |
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What is Hemolytic Anemia?
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RBC's rupture prematurely -> decrease # of RBCs (parasites , transfusion of mismatched blood)
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What is Leukemia?
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Malignant disease of blood forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled production of WBCs. which causes decrease in RBC production and platelet production.
Treatments: radiation, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplants |
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What is Leukocytosis?
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normal process when WBC's increase when there is an infection
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What is Pernicious Anemia?
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due to lack of INTRINSIC FACTOR in the stomach
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What is Polycythemia?
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abnormal increase of RBC -> increase viscosity of blood -> slows down flow -> decrease rate of oxygen to tissues
when HCT is 65% and ABOVE |
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What is Thrombocytopenia?
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number of platelets is reduced leading ot spontaneous bleeding.
caused by bone marrow malignancy, radiation and medication |
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What is Clot Retraction?
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the normal part of clot that pulls the tissue together
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What is the funnction of thrombin in Blood Clotting?
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turns fibrinogen to fibrin
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What is Hemapure? how is it used?
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comes from cows, increases oxygen carrying level
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What is Hemostasis?
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stops loss of blood
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What does Prothrombinase do?
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converts Prothrombin to Thrombin
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What is Stroke Volume?
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amount of blood ejected from Left Ventricle Per Beat
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What is cardiac output?
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amount of blood ejected by left ventricle per MINUTE.
= stroke volume TIMES heart rate |
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Why is smoking bad for your heart?
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nicotine= vasoconstrictor (higher BP)
Carbon Monoxide decreases oxygen to tissues (vascular disease) Nicotine stimulates adrenal gland to secrete hormones that increase Heart Rate and BP |
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How does cardiac enzyme levels indicate that a Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) has occured?
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the higher the levels indicate = the more tissue damage.
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Why is there a delay at the AV node?
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to leave enough time to pump and fill up before they contract
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Whati s Angioplasty?
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where a balloon is threaded through the Aorta, into a blocked Coronary Artery. Balloon is inflated which flattens the deposits against the vessel wall.
a STENT (wire mesh tube) can be inserted to hold vessel open allowing increased blood flow |
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Why is the Left Side of the heart bigger than the Right side of the Heart?
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because the left side pumps through the entire body while the right side only pumps to the lungs.
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What is Reticulocyte count? What is Normal?
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rate of Erythropoiesis is measured by a reticulocyte count.
Normal = 0.5-1.5% of all RBC in blood sample |
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What is a Transfusion Reaction?
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when 2 incompatible bloods are mixed together and a reaction between the antigens and antibodies occur, causing RBCs to burst (hemolysis)
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What is Hemolysis?
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bursting of RBCs
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Why do men have higher RBC count?
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testosterone stimulates production of Erythropoietin which produces RBC
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What happens to Bilirubin when RBCs are broken down?
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RBC broken down - bilirubin goes into plasma - binds to albunin and is put into liver = FREE HEMOGLOBIN. ...
liver cells take over and conjugate with glucuronic acid = CONJUGATED BILIRUBIN - becomes part of BILE and is stored in gall bladder... digestion takes it to Small Intestine and it is broken down and gives feces its color. |
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What do platelets do when there is an injury to a blood vessel?
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-formed during vascular spasms
-temporarily seals break in vessel wall -stimulates events leading to blood clot -when damaged, platelets become swelled &sticky & adhere to eachother -RELEASE prostoglandins, calcium, platelet proteins, &enzymes = CHEMOTAXIS and attracts more platelets to injured area. |
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What is Chemotaxis?
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attraction of phagocytes to microbes by chemical stimulus (in platelets)
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What is the difference in a Thrombus and an Embolus?
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both blood clots.
Thrombus stays in place, Embolus is a thrombus that has moved. |
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What is Septicemia?
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characterized by inflammation of the whole body, caused by bacteria that entered bloodstream, triggering an immune response which results in inflammation and a slow shutdown of the body's systems for handling infection.
caused by: latent infection, surgery, burns |
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What is Haemophilia?
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HEREDITARY
blood condition in which an essential clotting factor is either partly or completely missing. causes person to bleed longer than normal. |
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What is Hemopure? How is it used?
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comes from cows, increases oxygen carrying level when blood is not available
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ECG CYCLE: P-Wave? QRS-Wave? T-Wave?
How can it detect damage to heart by changes in this cycle? Why can't you see the Atrial Repolarization? |
Pwave=Atrial Depolarization
QRSwave=Ventricular Depolarization Twave=Ventricular Repolarization Changes in the waves can detect slow/fast heart beats or past silent heart attacks. Atrial Repolarization is hidden by the large QRS complex. |
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Where does Coronary Circulation begin? Where does it end?
What does this do? |
Begins @ Aorta
Ends @ Right Atrium Circulation of blood in blood vessels of the Heart Muscles. |
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How do Calcium Blockers affect Heart and Blood Pressure?
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can lower blood pressure, and given to increase heart rate.
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Why is Calcium so important in Cardiac Muscle?
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without flow of calcium from Interstitial Fluid, the contraction would not be as fast or complete. can be life threatening
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Why is Calcium important in Skeletal Muscle?
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does not affect contraction of skeletal muscle as it does Cardiac Muscle
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How can a person prevent Coronary Heart Disease?
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Excercise, Diet
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What is a Heart Murmur? What Causes them?
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Abnormal sound heard before or after the Lubb-Dupp, or mask normal heart sounds.
Caused by: a valve not closing completely or abnormal valve anatomy. |
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What is Nitroglycerin?
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Vasodilating drug that will open vessels & result in increased blood flow to areas of heart wall.
(stick under tongue to dissolve) |
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Where is the Cardiovascular Center located? What does this center respond to?
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Medulla Oblongata.
responds to: 1) Proprioceptors (muscle activity) 2) Baroreceptors (changes in pressure in blood vessels) 3) Chemoreceptors (detect chemical changes in blood esp oxygen) |
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What are Petechiae?
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bleeding under the skin (purple/red spots)
caused by: allergic reaction autoimmune disorders viral illness blood poisoning low numbers of platelets |
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What makes the "LUBB-DUPP" sounds of your heart? Why are there only 2 sounds?
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Lubb=closing of AVcuspid valves
Dupp= closing of semilunar valves only 2 sounds because they close at the same time |
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What is the job of an Artificial Pacemaker?
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may be used to restore cardiac rhythm if SA node is not functioning.
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What is Ischemia?
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reduced flow to heart muscle
can result in: ANGINA PECTORIS(chestpain) or MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (heart attack) |
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What is Tachycardia?
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fast heart beat (over 100bpm)
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What is Brachycardia?
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Slow heart beat (under 60bpm)
Bad in Avg people, Good for athletes. |
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What is Fibrilation?
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Uncoordinated Heart beat (quivers)
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What is Diastolic Pressure? Systolic Pressure?
What is Normal BP? |
diastolic = phase of relaxation
systolic = phase of contraction BP= systolic/diastolic NORM= 120/80 ish |
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What is Endocarditis?
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inflammation of hearts valves or inner lining
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What Medications may be given to a person during cardiac arrest to stabilize the heart?
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ACE inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blockers
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What is Ectopic Foci?
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When a site other than SA node sets up the impulse.
-irregular beats of the heart. brought on by caffeine, nicotine, toxic reactions, heart damage |
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What are Beta Blockers and how do they work?
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block norepinephrine and epinephrine (adrenaline)
-by reducing heart rate and blood pressure by dialating blood vessels |
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Which way do Arteries pump blood?
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AWAY from heart
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Which way do Veins pump blood?
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TO the heart
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What is a Colloid?
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liquid w/ suspended substances that don't settle. (proteins, ions, nutrients, wastes, gases)
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What is Hemopoiesis and where does it occur?
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Formation of Blood Cells
occurs in RBM in humerus, femur, flat bones of skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, and pelvis. |
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What is Blood Doping?
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practiced by athletes. draw blood, store it, RBCs transfuse into person right before competition. increases O2 to tissues. ILLEGAL
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What is Jaundice?
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yellow color sen in skin and Sclerae of eyes.
caused by build up of bile pigments in circulation. |
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What is Hemmorrhagic Anemia?
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blood loss -> decrease RBC
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What is ANEMIA?
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reduced oxygen-carrying ability in the blood.
Symptoms: fatigue, pale, cold |
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What is Dietary Anemia?
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not enough Iron in blood to carry oxygen
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What is Aplastic Anemia?
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pathology of RBM leading to low RBC count.
caused by cancer, radiation or drugs |
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Sickle Cell Anemia?
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GENETIC, RBC loses its round shape and Sickles. Mostly in African Heritage.
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What is Diapedisis?
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WBCs leave blood and enter tissues.
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Infectious Mononucleosis?
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contagious disease with HIGH count of abnormal and Large LYMPHOCYTES.
CAUSED BY EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS |
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Vascular Spasms?
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first step of HEMOSTASIS.
immediate response to blood vessel injury, CONSTRICTS smooth muscle of damaged blood vessel. decreases blood loss |
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PLATELET PLUG FORMATION? What do the platelets release? How long does it take to form a plug?
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SECOND phase of HEMOSTASIS.
temporarily plugs break in vessel wall. platelets go through a change and swell, and stick, and adhere to eachother. Release Prostoglandins, Calcium, Platelet Proteins and Enzymes that attracts platelets to injured area. VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR does most of the adhering. 1 minutes to form a platelet plug. |
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What is Von Willebrand Factor?
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during Platelet Plug Formation a protein produced and secreted by blood vessel, forming bridges between platelets and collagen.
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What is COAGULATION?
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PHASE 3 of HEMOSTASIS.
only needed for larger cuts when Vascular Spasms and Platelet Plugs are not enough. a clot is formed in the injured area. dependent on existance of COAGULATION FACTORS circulating in blood plasma. |
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How long does it take a clot formation to complete?
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3-6 minutes after damage to vessel
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3 Steps of Activation of Clotting Proteins?
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STAGE1: prothrombinase is formed
STAGE2: Prothrombin->Thrombin STAGE3: Fibrinogen->Fibrin |
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What is Hemophilia?
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HEREDITARY. can cause spontanious bleeding. ABSENSE of FACTOR VIII or IX
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What is Serum?
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component of blood collected after Coagulation
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What is Whole Blood?
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term for human blood from a standard blood donation
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