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137 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What is the name of the tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, and includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and anal canal?

alimentary canal

Name the four layers of the wall of the alimentary canal.

mucosa, submucosa, muscular layer, and serosa

Which layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is epithelium, connective tissue, and smooth muscle? What are its functions?

mucosa; protection against acidic ebolus, moving the ebolus along, secretion of mucus, and absorption

What layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is composed of loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves? What are its functions?

submucosa; nourishes surrounding tissues and transports absorbed minerals

What is the layer of the wall of the alimentary canal that is composed of smooth muscle fibers in circular and longitudinal groups? What are its functions? Is it voluntary or involuntary?

muscular layer; movements of the tube and its contents; involuntary

Which layer of the wall of the alimentary canal is composed of epithelium and connective tissue? What are its functions

serosa; protection and releasing fluid for lubrication to prevent friction with other organs

What two fibers make up the muscular layer of the wall of the alimentary canal? What do each of the fibers do?

circular fibers and longitudinal fibers; circular fibers contract to decrease the diameter of the tube and longitudinal fibers contract to shorten it

What is the term for the passageway of the digestive tube?

lumen

What is the name of the fingerlike protrusions in the mucosa layer of the alimentary canal? What is the purpose of these protrusions?

villi (singular: villus); increase surface area for absorption

What is inside each villus of the alimentary canal?

blood vessels and lacteal

What is the lacteal in a villus of the alimentary canal?

a lymphatic capillary which absorbs lipids

What type of cells line a villus?

simple columnar epithilium

Are microvilli cilia?

NO

What is the purpose of microvilli?

To make even more surface area for absorption

What are the mucus-secreting cells that are abundant throughout the mucosa?

goblet cells

What are the two types of movement in the digestive system? What does each one do?

mixing motion and propultion; mixing motion is when smooth muscles in the small segments of the tube contract rhythmically, mixing food with gastric/pancreatic juices (depending on where the motion is done) and propulsion is the utilization of peristalsis to push food through the alimentary canal

What is the wavelike motion in the alimentary canal in which a ring of contraction occurs in the wall of the tube and continues progressively along its length?

peristalsis

What is the mixing motion in the small intestine that aids in mixing by alternatively contracting and and relaxing the smooth muscle in sections of the organ?

segmentation

What type of movement(s) does the esophagus have?

propulsion

What type of movement(s) does the stomach have?

propulsion and mixing

What type of movement(s) does the small intestine have?

mixing and propulsion

What type of movement(s) does the colon have?

propultion

What is the process of breaking up particles into smaller pieces and mixing them with saliva?

mastication

What 3 things does the tongue do?

taste, moves food, and helps in swallowing

What are the three regions of the pharynx and where is each located?

nasopharynx (behind the nasal cavity), oropharynx (behind the oral cavity), and laryngopharynx (behind the voice box)

What part of the digestive system receives food and begins digestion?

mouth

What is the thick muscular organ that occupies the floor of the mouth and nearly fills the oral cavity when it is closed?

tongue

What is the name of the membranous fold that connects the midline of the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

lingual frenulum

What composes the body of the tongue?

skeletal muscle fibers that run in several directions

What are the rough projections on the surface of the tongue that provide friction that helps handle food and contain the taste buds?

papillae

What is the posterior region of the tongue called?

root

What are the rounded masses of lymphatic tissue that cover the root of the tongue?

lingual tonsils

What are the masses of lymphatic tissue on the posterior wall of the pharynx?

pharyngeal tonsils

What are the hardest structures in the body?

teeth

What are the chisel-shaped teeth which have sharp edges that bite off large pieces of food?

incisors

What are the cone-shaped teeth that grasp and tear food?

canines (cuspid)

What are the teeth with flattened surfaces that grind food particles?

premolars (bicuspids) and molars

What are the two parts of a tooth?

crown and root

What is the hardest substance in the human body?

enamel

What is the outer layer of teeth?

enamel

What is the bulk of a tooth beneath the enamel that is similar to bone in that it is living and is able to regenerate?

dentin

What is the central cavity of a tooth that contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue?

pulp cavity

What allows passageway for the blood vessels and nerves to reach the central cavity?

root canal

What is the inflammation of the gums called? What can it lead to?

gingivitis; the destruction of the periodontal ligaments and eventually tooth loss

What is the thin layer of bonelike material that encloses the root?

cementum

What surrounds the cementum, is composed of collogen, and attaches the tooth to the jaw?

periodontal ligaments

What is the name of the gums?

gingiva

What causes tooth decay?

acid from bacteria or what we consume demineralizes the enamel

What secretes saliva?

salivary glands

What fluid moistens food, helps bind them, and begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates?

saliva

Where does digestion begin? Where does absorption begin?

in the mouth; in the stomach

What are the two types of secreting cells in the salivary glands?

serous and mucous

What is the digestive enzyme that splits starch and glycogen molecules into disaccharides, staring the chemical digestion of carbohydrates? Which cells produce this: serous cells or mucous cells?

salivary amylase; serous

What is the thick liquid that bonds to food particles and acts as a lubricant during swallowing? Which cells produce this: serous cells or mucus cells?

mucus; mucus cells

What are the three major salivary glands?

parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

What are the largest of the salivary glands? Where are they? What do they secrete? What are they primarily composed of: serous or mucus cells?

parotid glands; anterior to and somewhat inferior to each ear; saliva; serous

Which salivary glands are in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw? What secretory cells are they composed of?

submandibular; equally serous and mucus cells

What salivary glans are the smallest and are on the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue? What secretory cells are they composed of?

sublingual; primarily mucus

What connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus?

pharynx

What provides a passageway for air during breathing?

nasopharynx

What portion of the pharynx is for food moving downwards from the mouth and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity?

oropharynx

What part of the pharynx extends from the upper border of the epiglottis downward to the lower border of the larynx and is a passageway to the esophagus?

laryngopharynx

What muscles pull the walls of the pharynx inwards during swallowing?

pharyngeal constrictor muscles

What is the name for the mass of food the tongue forms into a ball during swallowing?

bolus

What is the front part of the roof of the mouth called?

hard pallete

What is the name for the back part of the roof of the mouth that goes up during swallowing to close the opening to the nasal cavity?

soft pallete

What is the name for the flaplike structure attached to the larynx that closes off the top of the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering?

epiglottis

What is the the ring of muscle fibers just superior to the point where the esophagus joins the stomach that remain contracted to help prevent regurgitation into the esophagus?

lower esophageal sphincter

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

cardia, fundus, body, and pyloris

What are the folds of the stomach called?

gastric folds

What is the circular layer of fibers at the end of the pyloric canal that controls gastric emptying?

pyloric sphincter

What are the small openings that dot the mucous membrane of the inner lining of the stomach?

gastric pits

What are the three types of secretory cells that compose a gastric gland?

mucous cell, parietal cell, and chief cell

Which secretory cell of a gastric gland secrete mucus? Where are they found?

mucous cells; in the necks of the glands near the opening of the gastric pits

Which secretory cell of a gastric gland secretes digestive enzymes?

chief cell

Which secretory cell of a gastric gland releases a solution containing hydrochloric acid?

parietal cells

What do the products of the mucus cells, chief cells, and parietal cells form?

gastric juice

What secretory cell of the gastric gland secretes pepsinogen?

chief cell

What is the inactive for of pepsin? How is it broken down into pepsin?

pepsinogen; by coming in contact with the hydrochloric acid from parietal cells and breaking down quickly

What is the protein splitting enzyme that breaks nearly all protein into shorter polypeptides?

pepsin

Does pepsin break protein into amino acids?

NO

What aids in vitamin B12 absorption in the small intestine? What secretory cell of the gastric glands secretes this? What disease could develop if this is not secreted?

intrinsic factors; parietal cells; pernicious anemia

What provides a viscous, alkaline protective layer on the stomach's inner surface?

mucus

Name the five major components of gastric juice.

pepsinogen, pepsin, hydrochloric acid, mucus, and intrinsic factors

What is the name of the nerve fiber that stimulates the release of gastric juice from the gastric glands?

parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fiber in vagus nerve

What two things are released after the impulses from the parasymphathetic preganglionic nerve fiber in vagus nerve?

gastric juices and gastrin

What is the peptide hormone that increases the secretory activity of gastric glands?

gastrin

What are the three phases of gastric secretion?

cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase

During which phase of gastric secretions is gastric juice secreted in response to the sight, taste, smell or thought of food?

cephalic phase

During which phase of gastric secretion is gastrin released in response to food mechanically and chemically stimulating the stomach, which, in turn, results in the secretion of gastric juice?

gastric phase

During which phase of gastric secretion occurs as food enters small intestine and stimulates intestinal cells to release intestinal gastrin, which in turn promotes the secretion of gastric juice?

intestinal phase

What is the semifluid paste of food particles and gastric juice produced by the mixing movements of the stomach wall?

chyme

Why does the pyloric sphincter release food into the duodenum in small portions?

because the duodenum must have time to neutralize the acidic chyme

What take the longest to digest?

meat and fats

What is the name for the tube that extends down the length of the pancrease and transports pancreatic juice to the small intestine?

pancreatic duct

What is the pear-shaped sac in a depression on the interior surface of the liver? What is its purpose?

gallbladder; store and release bile

How does bile help in the digestion of fat?

by emulsifying it (mechanically breaking it down)

What is the name for the ducts that connect the gallbladder to the liver?

hepatic ducts

What is the peptide hormone that stimulates the pancrease to secrete bicarbonate ions when chyme enters the duodenum? What do these bicarbonate ions do?

secretin; neutralize acidic chyme

What are the liver's functioning units?

hepatic lobules

What are the vascular channels that separate platelike groups of hepatic cells from each other?

hepatic sinusoids

What vein carries blood from the digestive tract and newly absorbed nutrients into the sinusoids?

hepatic portal vein

What artery brings oxygenated blood to the sinusoids to mix with the blood from the hepatic vein to flow through and nourish the hepatic cells?

hepatic artery

What are the macrophages fixed to the inner lining of the hepatic sinusoids that remove most of the bacteria from the blood through phagocytosis?

Kupffer cells

Kupferr cells break dead red blood cells down to ____, which is further broken down into ______ and ______, which breaks down into ________ and finally ________.

hemoglobin; heme and globin; biliverdin; bilirubin

After Kupferr cells break red blood cells all the way down to bilirubin, what structures do they enter? What do they enter after that?

bile ductules; bile duct

What are the 7 major functions of the liver?

carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, storage, blood filtering, detoxification, and secretion

Specifically, what does carbohydrate metabolism mean?

polymerizing glucose to glycogen, breaking down glycogen to glucose, and converting noncarbohydrates to glucose

Specifically, what does lipid metabolism mean?

oxidizing fatty acids; synthesizing lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol; and converting portions of carbohydrate and protein molecules into fats

Specifically, what does protein metabolism mean?

deaminating amino acids, forming urea, synthesizing plasma proteins, and converting certain amino acids into other amino acids

Specifically, what does storage in the liver entail?

storing glycogen, vitamins A, D, and B, iron, and blood

Specifically, what does the blood filtering in the liver entail?

removing damaged red blood cells and foreign substances by phagocytosis

Specifically, what does detoxification in the liver entail?

removing toxins from the blood

Specifically, what does secretion in the liver entail?

producing and secreting bile

What are the primary functions of the small intestine?

digestion and absorption

Give the five steps of fat absorption in the small intestine.

Fatty acids enter epithelial cell, fatty acids are used to synthesize fats in endoplasmic reticulum, fats collect in clusters encased in protein to form chylormicrons, chylormicrons leave epithelial cell and enter lacteal, lymph in lacteal transports chylormicrons away from intestine

What movement occurs when the wall of the small intestine becomes overdistended or irritated and sweeps the contents into the large intestine very quickly?

peristaltic rush

What is the condition that results from a peristaltic rush and is characterized by frequent defecation and watery stools? What would happen if this condition is prolonged?

diarrhea; imbalances in water and electrolyte concentrations

What is formed by the last few centimeters of the large intestine?

anal canal

What is the name of the six to eight longitudinal folds of the mucous membrane of the anal canal?

anal columns

How much of a digestive function does the large intestine have?

little to no function

What is the S-shaped portion of the large intestine?

sigmoid colon

What is the name of the opening at the end of the anal canal?

anus

What lies next to the sacrum and generally follows its curvature, leading to the anal canal?

rectum

What are the names of the two muscles that guard the anus? Which one is composed of smooth muscle under involuntary control? Which one is composed of

internal anal sphincter muscle and external anal sphincter muscle; internal anal sphincter muscle; external anal sphincter muscle

What two things is the large intestine limited to absorbing?

water and electrolytes

What produces intestinal gas?

Bacteria actions in the large intestine

How are the peristaltic waves of the large intestine different from that of the small intestine?

they happen only two or three times a day, producing mass movement which push the intestinal contents towards the rectum

What are composed of materials not digested or absorbed, along with water, electrolytes, mucus, and bacteria?

feces

What percentage of water is feces?

75%

From what does the color of feces derive?

bile pigments altered by bacterial action

Where does the pungent odor of feces come from?

a variety of compounds that the bacteria produce

What are two disorders of the large intestine?

diverticulosis and colorectal cancer

What disorder of the large intestine is caused by parts of the intestinal wall weakening and the inner mucous membrane protruding through?

diverticulosis

What is the condition in which chyme accumulates in the outpouching of the mucous membrane and becomes infected?

diverticulitis

What increases the risk of developing diverticulosis?

lack of dietary fiber

What is the fourth most prevalent cancer in the U.S. and the second common cause of cancer death?

colorectal cancer