A&p Lecture 8

Front 1

Paraplegia is often the result of transection of the spinal cord between which vertebrae?

Back 1

Between T1 and L1

Front 2

Recent research suggests that Phineas Gage may not have suffered from bilateral injuries to his frontal lobe. Why is this?

Back 2

Gage rode upright in a carriage following the accident. If the damagewas bilateral, the rod would have sheared through his superior sagittal sinus and he would havebled out upon sitting up.

Front 3

That "stuffed" feeling after Thanksgiving dinner is due to stimulation of which type of receptor?

Back 3

Proprioceptors, which respond to degree of stretch in organs including the stomach.

Front 4

This image shows two simple receptors types. What are they?

Left:

Right:

Back 4

Left: simple unencapsulated

Right: simple encapsulated

Front 5

Pacinian corpuscles belong to which class of receptor? To which type of stimulation are they responsive?

Back 5

Pacinian corpuscles are simple encapsulated receptors that respond to deep vibrating pressure that is changing/not constant.

Front 6

What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?

Back 6

Golgi tendon organs exist in longer tendons, close to the insertion point of skeletal muscle. They function to turn the muscle off and prevent contraction when in danger of over-stretching.

Front 7

Merkel disks exist in which area of the body and perform what function?

Back 7

Merkel disks lie in the deepest layer of the epidermis and respond to light touch.

Front 8

The small yellow area at the bottom of this image depicts what aspect of the olfactory system? What is it's function?

Back 8

This is the layer of mucus on the olfactory epithelium. The cilia of olfactory neurons are suspended here, and odorants must dissolve in the mucus before they reach the neurons.

Front 9

What is wrong with this eye? This disorder is usually caused by which microbial agent?

Back 9

This person has conjunctivitis, which is usually caused by a virus

Front 10

Name and define the two major types of eye movements.

Back 10

Saccades: small jerking movements

Scanning: tracking movements

Front 11

Which three cranial nerves are associated with the extrinsic eye muscles?

Back 11

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear

VI. Abducens

Front 12

The fibrous tunic of the eye is made up of two parts:

1.

2.

Back 12

1. The sclera: the white part of the eye that protects and anchors the extrinsic eye muscles

2. The cornea: allows light to enter the eye

Front 13

Sympathetic innervation of the radial muscles of the iris cause the pupil to:

Back 13

Contract and dilate

Front 14

How is the shape of the eye's lens changed?

Back 14

Suspensory ligaments from the ciliary body contract and relax to change the shape of the lens.

Front 15

Why do the eyes of this cat appear so reflective?

Back 15

Cats, dogs, and other animals have a reflective layer within the eye that allows them to have better night vision. At night, the pupils are dilated more and a larger amount of this reflective layer is visible.

Front 16

Where might one find a high concentration of cones in the eye?

Back 16

Cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis.

Front 17

The posterior segment of the eye is filled with a clear gel called _______________. This helps hold the retina against the back of the eye.

Back 17

Vitreous humor

Front 18

This individual is suffering from what disorder? What is the cause of this problem?

Back 18

Cataracts, which is caused by inadequate delivery of nutrients to the deeper lens fibers.

Front 19

What three colors are opsin proteins designed to detect, and how are we able to see other colors?

Back 19

There are red, green, and blue opsins that absorb light at these wavelengths. Other colors generate activity from multiple types of opsins, and this information is integrated to determine the color.

Front 20

Lens fibers are filled with __________ protein.

Back 20

Crystalline