Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Anatomy=
Physiology= |
Anatomy= Structure--what they are made of, where located, associated structure
Physiology= Function -how things work together |
|
|
Histo=
Morph= Pathology= cyt= |
Histo=Tissue
Morph=Shape Pathology=abnormal anatomy @ macro level cyt=cell |
|
|
Systematic Anatomy
|
Group of organs working together
ex/ Respiratory & cardiovascular |
|
|
Gross Anatomy aka macroscopic anatomy
Regional Anatomy= Surface Anatomy= |
Gross Anatomy=large, visible structures
Regional Anatomy=Exterior features Surface Anatomy=Body Area |
|
|
How are organisms organized?
|
simple to complex
atoms=smallest chem. unit Molecules=group atoms working toget Organelles=group of mol working toget |
|
|
__ are basic unit of Life
|
Cells;;; Unicellular & Multicellular
|
|
|
Hierarchy
|
cells->tissues->organs->organisms->organ system->organism
|
|
|
Basic Cell Function
|
-reproduction & replacement
-obtain food & O2 -synthesize protein for cell function & growth |
|
|
Organs are composed of___
|
2+ types of primary tissue
|
|
|
Body systems=
|
Collection of organs that perform related functions
|
|
|
which Major Body Systems isn't needed for survival?
|
Reproductive system--only beneficial in maintaining future existence of species
|
|
|
Examples of Tissue Organization; cells of similar structure
|
Muscle
Nervous Epithelial Connective |
|
|
What is Homeostasis
|
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environ.
Stability/Balance-state of equilibrium |
|
|
What does Homeostasis do?
|
Respond to in/external change to function within normal range (body temp, fluid balance)
|
|
|
Failure to function within normal range of homeostasis results in?
|
disease
|
|
|
How can internal cells make vital exchanges with the extern. environment?
|
presence of watery internal environment
Extracellular fluid-(plasma; fluid part of blood Interstitial fluid=surrounds all cells |
|
|
what is the process of internal/external exchange?
|
external c2 > Respiratory sys. >Plasma >Circulatory sys >Body
|
|
|
T/F many organs work in more than 1 organ system?
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Body is divided into ___ organ syst?
|
11; all work together
|
|
|
T/F Homeostasis is dynamic & fixed.
|
FALSE; Homeostasis is dynamic & NOT fixed
ex/shivering |
|
|
__ is the link between external environment & cells
|
Plasma
|
|
|
__ is required for chemical reaction,
__ is produced & removed |
O2
CO2 |
|
|
Change in controlled variable triggers a response that opposes a change driving the variable in opposite direction of initial change
|
NEG Feedback
|
|
|
what is Neg FeedBack?
|
change triggers a response that negates change & moves variable in opposite direction
ex/thermostat raise heat in winter as temp drops down |
|
|
Response negates the stimulus
|
Negative FeedBack
|
|
|
Output is continuously enhanced
|
POS + Feedback
|
|
|
T/F Body must detect deviations sin the internal environment & hold them to narrow limits
|
TRUEEEEE
|
|
|
Ex of POS Feedback
|
-childbirth
-AC continually kick out cold air dispite room temp reaching set point -bleeding then clotting |
|
|
_ REINFORCES stimulus
_response NEGATES the stimulus |
1. Positive REINFORCES stimulus
2.Negative- NEGATES/OPPOSES stimulus |
|
|
Intrinsic Controls
Extrinsic Controls |
Intrinsic Controls=Inherent to organ
Extrinsic Controls=Regulatory mechanisms initiated outside organ |
|
|
3 major components of Neg Feedback
|
sensor, the integrator, and the effector.
|
|
|
T/F (in neg feedback) the response of the sensor negates the stimulus
|
FALSE the response of the EFFECTOR negates the stimulus
|
|
|
T/F if 1+ body systems fail to function properly, homeostasis is disrupted; all cells suffer
|
TRUE
|
|
|
Autoregulation
|
automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ
ex/exercising muscles |
|
|
internal body temp
|
37 degrees Celsius
|
|
|
when temp drops it _____ & speeds up when temp increases
|
slows metabolism
|
|
|
3 states of matter
|
gas
liquid solid |
|
|
Octet Rule
|
8 electrons in valence shell to be stable
|
|
|
Atomic #
Atomic Weight/Mass |
Atomic #= # of protons in the nucleus
Atomic Weight/Mass # = neutrons + protons |
|
|
90% of body is made up of:::
|
C-carbon, O-oxygen,H-hydrogen
COH |
|
|
Matter
Mass Element |
Matter=anything w/mass & takes up space
Mass=quantity of matter object contains;made up Element=pure substance has all same type of atoms; cant be broken down |
|
|
Atoms
Protons Neutrons Electrons |
Atoms=smallest unit of element
Protons= +1 mass unit Neutrons=neutral(no charge) 1 mass unit;;; atomic weight - atomic # Electrons= -1negative, low mass |
|
|
____ changes with location but mass remains the same
All matter(living or not) is made up of________ |
Weight
elements (or atoms) |
|
|
noble gas
|
has full valence shell (8)
|
|
|
____ ____ determine physiology at the molecular & cellular level
|
chemical characteristics
|
|
|
nucleus contains
atoms are made up of? |
neutrons & protons
empty space |
|
|
T/F Atoms of each element are same in size, weight #, subatomic particles & how they interact
|
FALSE:: Atoms of each element DIFFER in size, weight #, subatomic particles & how they interact
|
|
|
energy levels aka shells
|
electrons orbit the nucleus at diff distances
|
|
|
ion
+ charged ion - charged ion |
ion=charged atom;;;involved in chemical reactions
+ charged ion=greater #of protons - charged ion=less # of protons |
|
|
T/F Atomic weight stays the same but Atomic # can differ
|
FALSE=Atomic # always same but Weight can change
|
|
|
Isotopes
|
Isotopes= =#protons but diff #neutrons;; therefore diff atomic weight
the # of neutrons determine the isotope of an element |
|
|
Compounds
Molecules |
Compounds=2> diff atoms joined by strong or weak bonds
Molecules= smallest part of compound w/same properties;; atoms STRONG bonds |
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Ionic Bonds:Attraction btwn opposite charges ions
|
|
|
formation of water molecule is held together by?
|
Covalent Bond
|
|
|
Covalent Bonds
Cations/Anions |
Covalent Bonds=share pair of e- to complete outer shell
Cations= - neg Anions= + pos |
|
|
polar
nonpolar hydrogen bonds |
Polar= spend more time circle 1 atom
Non polar=shared evenly btwn 2 atoms HYDROGEN BONDS=partially +;;;;;; H+ is attracted to partially - atom |
|
|
What type is water? & what does it cause?
|
Hydrogen bond & Polar;;;Cause surface tension
Polar allows it to hydrogen with other water molecules |
|
|
how many elements naturally exist in body?
|
25
|
|
|
Carbon 12 & Carbon 14 are ex of? & are they stable?
|
Isotopes---
C12 is stable c14 is not stable |
|
|
Where do formations of molecules & compounds come from?
|
Reactions btwn electrons in the outer shell (valence=outer ) of atoms
|
|
|
T/F Atoms are most stable when their inner shell is full
|
FALSE
Atoms are more stable when their OUTER shell is full |
|
|
in Ionic bonds the 1 giving up e- becomes _____ & the 1 gaining becomes ___________
|
Giving up= Pos +
Gaining-= Neg - |
|
|
Kinetic Energy
Potential Energy Chemical Energy |
Kinetic Energy=Energy of motion
Potential Energy=Stored Energy Chemical Eng=Potential energy stored in chemical bonds |
|
|
what causes surface tension?
|
H+ bonds btwen H2O molecules
|
|
|
Activation energy
|
gets a reaction started
*think ignition gets engine started* |
|
|
what type of bond is energy stored in?
|
phosphate bond
|
|
|
Synthesis Reaction
Exchange Reaction Decomposition reaction Reversible Reaction |
Synthesis= A+B-> AB
Exchange= AB +CD-> AD + CB Decomposition= AB -> A + B Reversible=A + B <-> AB |
|
|
**Reversible Reactions seek equilibrium
|
**Reversible Reactions seek equilibrium
|
|
|
Substance that releases H+ ions when they dissociate;; increases H+ of solution
|
ACID -lower than 7
|
|
|
What is a Base?
|
Substance that absorbs h+
Release OH when dissociate increase OH of solution |
|
|
Substance with low OH & high H+ is?
|
ACID
|
|
|
Synthesis reaction is aka?
|
Dehydration reaction
A + B -> AB *think anything dehydrated allows tight bond |
|
|
Decomposition reaction is aka?
|
Hydrolysis reaction
AB -> A + B *thing adding water to anything breaks it up |
|
|
Acidosis
Alkalosis Salts |
Acidosis=excess H+ in fluid
Alkalosis= excess OH- in fluid Salts=+ or - ions ;; have no H+ or OH |
|
|
Buffers
|
Neutralize (weaken) strong acid (&salt) or base
or takes up excess H+ or OH- |
|
|
pH of body fluids measures ____ in a solution
|
Free H+ ions in a solution
|
|
|
Effect excess H+ on body?
|
damage cells & tissues
Alter proteins (OH rarely cause probs) |
|
|
Organic
Inorganic |
Organic= C-based on Carbon
Inorganic=everything else |
|
|
Most common element in the body?
|
Carbon
|
|
|
C can share e- with __ diff atoms
|
4
|
|
|
C atoms that share e- w/each other form what 2 things?
|
1=Carbon chains
2=Carbon rings |
|
|
Large Macromolecules consist of?
|
repeating unit molecules
*think big train made up of little attaches trains |
|
|
Macromolecules are produced by______ & broken down by process of______?
|
produced by Dehydration synthesis
Broken down by Hydrolysis |
|
|
Macromolecules -> Hydrolysis -> ____
|
Unit molecules
hydrolysis breaks down |
|
|
_ are the most abundant & important organic molecule
|
proteins
|
|
|
4 Basic elements in body
|
1. C -carbon 3.O-oxygen
2 H-hydrogen 4. N-nitogen ***CHON |
|
|
5 Amino acid Structures
|
1. C 3-Amino group
2. H 4-R group or side chain 5. Carboxylic acid group(COOH) |
|
|
___ are the building blocks of proteins
|
amino acids
|
|
|
___ are building blocks of DNA
|
Nucleotides
|
|
|
Peptides form when::::
|
the amino group of 1 amino acid forms with the carboxylic acid of another amino acid
THRU DEHYDRATION SYNTH. |
|
|
Dipeptide bond is:
|
Bond btwn C of 1 aa & the N of other aa
the actual linkage makes dipeptide bond because 2 amino acids are now bonded |
|
|
What is a Polypeptide?
|
long chain of aa's linked together by peptide bond
O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O-O |
|
|
long chains of aa's linked together
o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o is also the first step aka |
Primary Structure
|
|
|
What is Primary Structure?
|
o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o
The long chain of aa's linked together by peptide bonds *think straight hair |
|
|
what is secondary structure?
|
H+ bonds form helix or pleats
**paper fan or long curly hair strand |
|
|
What is Tertiary structure?
|
structures folds into 3D shape
*hair gets tighter & coils |
|
|
what is Quaternary Structure?
|
final protein shape---several tertiary coils structured together
|
|
|
__ Determines cell shape & tissue properties
|
Proteins
|
|
|
2 more things that proteins do:
|
1-perform cell functions
2-control anatomical structure & psychological function |
|
|
___ are the building blocks of protein
|
amino acids
|
|
|
Double helix form by_______
|
Hydrogen bond
|
|
|
sugars, contain only elements C, H, O & is source of energy for our body is _____
|
Carbs
|
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Simple sugars, 3-7 C's
|
|
|
Pentose Sugar
|
5 C's -ex/ ribose, deoxyribose
|
|
|
Hexose Sugar
|
6 C's- ex/Glucose, Fructose
|
|
|
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides |
2 monosaccharides linked
poly=many mono linked together |
|
|
Humans store excess glucose as___
|
glycogen
|
|
|
Plants store excess glucose as ___
|
starch
|
|
|
T/F Lipids do not dissolve in water
|
TRUUUUUUE
|
|
|
Lipids are used as ____ energy source
|
long term energy source
|
|
|
Lipids are ___ molecules
|
Hydrophobic ---water fearing
|
|
|
Most common lipid found in body
|
Triglyceride
|
|
|
Glyceride=
Triglyceride- |
glyceride= fatty acid chain attached o glycerol molecule
Tri= 3 fatty acid chains |
|
|
Gycerol
Fatty acids= |
Glycerol=forms backbone
Fatty acids= long Cchain w/ attahces C & acid group |
|
|
3 types of Fatty Acids=
|
Saturated= NO cov. bonds
Unsaturated= 1> double bonds Polysaturated=MULT double bonds |
|
|
___ is found in the nucleus , Large organic molecule, Store & process info @ molecular level
|
Nucleic Acid
|
|
|
Long chains of nucleotides forms?
|
RNA & DNA
|
|
|
building blocks of DNA
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
3 parts of nucleotide
|
deoxyribose or 5 C sugar
Phosphate group Nitrogen base |
|
|
single strand, code steps in protein synthesis
determine inherited charact, control metabolism, double helix, directs protein synthesis |
RNA
DNA |
|
|
Organic molecules ____ reactions & substrates in our metabolism
|
speed reactions
|
|
|
DNA in the _____ contain info to construct all protein in body
|
DNA in the cell of the nucleus
|
