A&p Lec18 Acute Inflammation

Front 1

What is the definition of inflammation?

Back 1

A protective response that eliminates the initial cause of cell injury and the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult.

Front 2

What is the relationship between inflammation and infection?

Back 2

Infection usually causes inflammation

Inflammation not necessarily due to infection

Front 3

What are the earliest accounts of inflammation?

Back 3

-1650 BC - described in an Egyptian papyrus

-Greek medicine called it phlegmone (the burning thing) in the time of Hippocrates.

Front 4

What were some misconceptions of inflammation in olden times?

Back 4

-since most wounds bacame infected, suppuration was considered necessary in healing

-Pus was thought to be a decay of blood; to stop the decay, the patient was bled

Front 5

What are the 4 signs of inflammation described by Cornelius Celsus in the 1st century AD?

Back 5

-Redness

-Swelling

-Heat

-Pain

Front 6

What was the 5th sign of inflammation added in 1858 and by whom?

Back 6

-loss of function
--Virchow

-is mistakenly attributed to a Greek, Galen, who wrote about medicine around 250 AD

Front 7

Who was it that realized inflammation was not a disease but a "salutary reaction?"

Back 7

-John Hunter, 1793
--Scottish surgeon-scientist

Front 8

When were microscopes invented and when were they used for medical research?

Back 8

-1600s invented

-1800s research

Front 9

Who was one of the first to study thin tissue in live animals with a microscope?

Back 9

Julius Cohnheim (1839-1884)

Front 10

What were the 6 things Julius Cohnheim discovered from observing irritated tissues?

Back 10

-dilation of blood vessels

-accelerated blood flow (transient)

-Slowing and stagnation of flow

-White blood cells lined the walls of vessels

-some WBCs crawled through the walls

-the permeability of the blood vessel had increased

Front 11

Who 1st observed phagocytosis?

Back 11

-Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916) Russian biologist.

-watched leukocytes ingest large particles in invertebrates

Front 12

What did Elie Metchnikoff determine was the purpose of inflammation?

Back 12

to bring phagocytes to engulf invading bacteria.

Front 13

What are 5 components that participate in an inflammatory response?

Back 13

-Circulating blood cells - Leukocytes esp neutrophils

-plasma proteins - clotting factors, kininogens, complement

-Platelets

-Vascular wall - endothelial cells, smooth muscle

-Extracellular matrix - fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, fibers, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

Front 14

What role do Mast cells play in an inflammatory response?

Back 14

source of mediators - histamine and others

Front 15

What role do macrophages play in an inflammatory response?

Back 15

-elimination of microbes and dead tissue

-source of mediators - cytokines and others

-role in immune response

Front 16

What role do extracellular matrix proteins and cells play in an inflammatory response?

Back 16

-repair

Front 17

What role do plasma proteins play in an inflammatory response?

Back 17

-Complement - mediators of inflammation, elimination of microbes

-Clotting factors and kininogens: mediators of inflammation

Front 18

What role does the endothelium play in an inflammatory response?

Back 18

Source of mediators - nitrous oxide, cytokines, others

Front 19

What are the 4 overview steps of inflammation?

Back 19

-tissue damage causes release of vasoactive and chemotactic factors that trigger a local increase in blood flow and capillary permeability

-Permeable capillaries allow an influx of fluid (exudate) and cells

-Phagocytes migrate to site of inflammation

-Phagocytes and antibacterial exudate destroy bacteria

Front 20

What are the 2 stages of inflammation?

Back 20

-Acute

-Chronic

Front 21

What are the characteristics of acute inflammation?

Back 21

-rapid responses (mins to hrs)

-Neutrophils predominate

-Erythema (redness), edema, fibrin deposition (deposited)

Front 22

What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?

Back 22

-days or longer

-Mononuclear cells predominate - monocyte/macrophages

-Fibroblasts - produce collogen (termed chronic when fibroblasts are activated)

Front 23

What are the 3 processes in acute inflammation?

Back 23

-initial increase in diameter of blood vessels
---arterioles, capillaries, venules

-increased permeability of vessel - caused by histamine, serotonin, kinins, etc

-Cellular influx - Margination, rolling, adherence, extravasation (diapedesis), migration (chemotaxis)

Front 24

What does microvasculature mean and the 3 kinds?

Back 24

means small vessels

-arterioles, capillaries, venules

Front 25

What is exudation?

Back 25

the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vasculature into the interstitial tissue or body cavities

Front 26

What is transudate effusion?

Back 26

-low protein conc, no cells, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, sp. gravity < 1.012

-what is going on normally

Front 27

What is exudate effusion?

Back 27

-high protein conc, cellular debris, sp. gravity > 1.020

Front 28

What is edema?

Back 28

excess fluid in extravascular space (transudate or exudate)

Front 29

What is Pus?

Back 29

a purulent exudate

-contains many leukocytes (esp neutrophils), and cell debris

Front 30

What happens to the oncotic pressure in acute inflammation?

Back 30

It goes way up

Front 31

What are the experimental methods to determine vascular permeability?

Back 31

-dye

-carbon particles

-vasoactive amines - histamine, bradykinin, serotonin

Front 32

Is there one or many mechanisms of vascular permeability and are all microvasculature affected the same?

Back 32

-more than one mechanism of vascular permeability

-segments of microvasculature are affected differently depending on mechanism of permeability

Front 33

Why does carbon not leak out and stain tissue like dye?

Back 33

It can fit through endothelial cells but not able to fit through basement membrane

-you can see the microvasculature that is affected

Front 34

What are 5 mechanisms of vascular leakage in inflammation?

Back 34

-Gaps due to endothelial contraction

-Direct injury

-Leukocyte-dependent injury

-Increased transcytosis

New blood vessel formation

Front 35

What does extravasation mean?

Back 35

the discharge or escape from a vessel into the tissues (diapedisis - specifically of blood cells)

Front 36

What does chemotaxis mean?

Back 36

The characteristic movement or orientation of an organism or cell along a chemical concentration gradient either toward or away from the chemical stimulus