A&p Last Exam

Front 1

Cortical nephrons are the most abundant type of nephron

Back 1

true

Front 2

The nephron loop (loop of Henle) is located in the renal cortex

Back 2

false, renal medulla

Front 3

Juxtamedullary nephrons extend into the renal medulla

Back 3

true

Front 4

The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule are components of the renal corpuscle

Back 4

true

Front 5

The renal tubule is located in the renal cortex

Back 5

true (both the cortex and medulla)

Front 6

. The proximal convoluted tubule is part of the renal tubul

Back 6

true

Front 7

Filtration takes place in the renal cortex

Back 7

true

Front 8

Most tubular reabsorption takes place in the distal convoluted tubule

Back 8

False, proximal convoluted tubules

Front 9

Urine is concentrated in the collecting duct

Back 9

true

Front 10

Filtrate contains red blood cells

Back 10

False, does not contain

Front 11

Glucose is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule

Back 11

True

Front 12

Vasa recta are permeable to water and NaCl

Back 12

True

Front 13

The interstitial fluid of the renal medulla is greater in osmolality than the renal cortex.

Back 13

True

Front 14

Urine is formed in the urinary bladder

Back 14

False, it is formed in nephrons and stored in the bladder

Front 15

Tubular secretion takes substances out of the filtrate

Back 15

False, secretion puts substance in, reabsorption takes out

Front 16

. Filtrate reaches its lowest concentration at the bottom of the nephron loop

Back 16

False, highest at bottom

Front 17

Glomerular filtration rate will increase if blood pressure increases

Back 17

True

Front 18

Hydrostatic pressure of the glomerular capillaries will increase if resistance in the afferent arteriolesincreases

Back 18

False, Resistance will decrease blood flow and decrease hydrostatic pressure

Front 19

Increasing the resistance of afferent arterioles will increase blood flow to the glomerulus

Back 19

False

Front 20

Efferent arterioles are smaller in diameter than afferent arterioles

Back 20

True

Front 21

Filtration and reabsorption take place in glomerular capillaries

Back 21

False , filtration only

Front 22

In the absence of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) urine is dilute

Back 22

True

Front 23

Urine is 95% water

Back 23

True

Front 24

The ureter carries urine from the bladder to the body exterior

Back 24

False, ureter = renal pelvis to bladderUrethra = bladder to exterior

Front 25

Water is actively pumped out of the collecting duct by aquaporins

Back 25

False, osmosis is passive

Front 26

The calyces and renal pelvis collect urine from the collecting ducts in the renal pyramids

Back 26

True

Front 27

The male urethra is part of the reproductive system

Back 27

True

Front 28

The internal urethral sphincter is voluntarily controlled

Back 28

False, internal = involuntary, external = voluntary

Front 29

Urine is yellow in color due to the presence of a chemical called Urobillin (aka urochrome)

Back 29

True

Front 30

Urine is yellow in color due to the presence of a chemical called Urobillin (aka urochrome)

Back 30

Descending

Front 31

Permeable to water

Back 31

Descending

Front 32

Actively pumps NaCl out of the filtrate

Back 32

Ascending

Front 33

Filtrate is being concentrated

Back 33

Descending

Front 34

Filtrate is being diluted

Back 34

Ascending

Front 35

Solute concentration of the filtrate is high

Back 35

Descending

Front 36

Impermeable to water

Back 36

Ascending

Front 37

Located in ascending limb

Back 37

Macula Densa

Front 38

Contain mechanoreceptors which respond to blood pressure

Back 38

Granular

Front 39

Release renin

Back 39

Granular

Front 40

Contain chemoreceptors which respond to NaCl in filtrate

Back 40

Macula Densa

Front 41

Located in arteriolar wall

Back 41

Granular

Front 42

Vasoconstrict afferent arterioles in the kidney

Back 42

Macula Densa

Front 43

Vasoconstrict systemic blood vessels

Back 43

Granular

Front 44

Part of the intrinsic mechanisms used by the kidneys to autoregulate the GFR

Back 44

Macula Densa

Front 45

Part of the extrinsic mechanisms used to indirectly modify the GFR

Back 45

Granular

Front 46

1. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a patient is much too fast. Will this result in low or high NaCl inthe filtrate passing through the ascending limb of the nephron loop? How will Macula Densa cellsrespond, as part of the intrinsic to help lower the GFR?

Back 46

Since the filtration rate is so fast, the filtrate will advance through the renal tubules too quickly forreabsorption of salt. So, there will be a high level of NaCl in the filtrate passing in to the ascendinglimb of the nephron loop. The Macula Densa cells contain chemoreceptors which will detect thepresence of high NaCl, release vasoconstrictor chemicals which will: decrease the diameter of theafferent arterioles, increase arteriole resistance, decreasing blood flow, decrease hydrostaticpressure in the glomerular capillaries and ultimately decrease the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Front 47

Aside from depressing the nervous system and coordination, why is it a bad idea to drink alcoholbefore exercising – particularly in hot and dry conditions?

Back 47

Alcohol will block the production and secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) from the posteriorpituitary. ADH normally inserts aquaporin channels into the plasma membrane of tubule cellslining the collecting duct, allowing for the reabsorption of water (by using the medullary osmoticgradient!). If ADH is blocked, then water reabsorption is blocked. As a result, dilute urine will beproduced in large volume. This will only make dehydration more of a concern during exercise inhot, dry conditions

Front 48

A patient begins taking Lasix and experiences episodes of fainting and orthostatic hypotension. Whatis happening?

Back 48

Lasix is a loop diuretic drug used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure). It works by blockingNaCl pumps in the ascending limb of the nephron loop. This will prevent the juxtamedullarynephrons from creating an osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla. Withoutthis gradient, reabsorption of water will not take place in the collecting duct (even if ADH insertsaquaporin channels, there is no gradient for water to follow). This will produce large volumes ofurine. Ridding the bod of excess water can reduce the blood volume and decrease blood pressure.But, if a patient has only border line high blood pressure or is dehydrated, dangerously low bloodpressure may result in fainting and orthostatic hypotension because of reduced blood flow to thebrain.

Front 49

Female reproductive events are regulated by cycling levels of hormones over a period of about 28 days.Events taking place in the __________ are described by the ovarian cycle.

Back 49

ovaries

Front 50

Events taking place in theuterus are described by the ______________________.

Back 50

uterine/menstrual cycle

Front 51

___________ is secreted by the hypothalamus and stimulates the anterior pituitaryto produce and release the gonadotropins _________ and _________

Back 51

GnRH, LH, FSH