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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
types of pronouns
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--possessive
--nominative --objective |
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possessive pronouns
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my
hers his |
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nominative pronouns
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I
he she it they |
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objective pronouns
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it
they me him her |
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types of verbs
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transitive
intransitive linking gerund |
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gerund verb
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"ing" verb that acts a noun
ex. I love running |
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linking verb
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to be verbs
ex. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been |
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transitive verb
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has a direct object
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intransitive verb
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has no direct object
ex: Shannon talks during chapel. |
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interjection
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words used to express surprise or emotion
ex. "YAY!" "OH NO!" |
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types of conjunction
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coordinating
subordinating |
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coordinating conjunctions
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and
or for nor yet but so |
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subordinating conjunctions
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who
what where when why how |
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predicate
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the verb plus its complements, objects, and modifiers
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predicate noun
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word that comes after the linking verb; re-naming the subject
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predicate adjective
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word that comes after the linking verb, describing the subject
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phrase
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a group of words that lacks a subject, verb, or both
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appositive/essential appositive
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a phrase that renames a noun
don't mark with commas |
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verbal(s) phrase
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a verb used as a different word form, combined with other words that constitute a phrase
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participial verb
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a conjugated verb form used as an ADJECTIVE, combined with other words that constitute a phrase
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clause
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a group of words that contain both a subject and a verb
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dependent clause
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a clause that requires an independent clause in order to stand alone
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independent clause
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a clause that may stand alone
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simple sentence
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contains one independent clause
ex: Joanna eats and drinks |
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compound sentence
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contains at least two independent clauses
ex: Joanna eats and drinks, but Maddie hungers. |
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complex sentence
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contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause
ex: (While) Joanna eats and drinks, (while) Maddie hungers. |
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compound-complex sentence
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contains at least two independent clauses and at least on dependent clause
ex. While Shannon laughs, Joanna eats and drinks, but Maddie hungers. |
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declarative sentence
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used to make statements
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imperative sentence
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used to issue requests or commands
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exclamatory sentence
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used to make exclaimations
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interrogative sentence
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used to ask questions
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rhetorical sentence
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used to move the reader towards a position
ex. Are you stupid? |
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natural/basic sentence
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basic sentence patterns are built around verbs and their verb forms
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types of natural/basic sentence
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1) subject-verb [intransitive]
2) subject-verb-object [transitive] 3) subject-verb-adjective [linking verbs] 4) subject-verb-adverb [linking/intransitive verbs] 5) subject-verb-noun [linking/to-be verbs] |
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inverted sentence
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a sentence in which the word oder violates standard English.
ex: A jolly old soul was he. |
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cumulative sentence
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extended variety of the loose sentence. often used in description, the cumulative sentence begins witha general statement that it then expands in a series of particulars
ex: The geriatric section is always the most unattractive, poorly lighted, no brightness, no pictures, no laughter. |
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loose sentence
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a type of sentence in which the main idea (an independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. works with lots of these seem informal, relaxed, and conversational
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periodic sentence
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a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. this independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone.
ex. Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy! |
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interrupted sentence
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a sentence in which the main iea is interrupted by another thought and then resumed
ex. Will you allow me, or do i ask too much, to introduce my sister to you? |
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parallel sentence
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a sentence in which the parts of a list use the same structure
ex. The British museum is a place where you can find ancient art, explore artifacts, and discover textiles |
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balanced sentence
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a sentence in which the parts are similar in structure
ex. He wasn't being nervous; he was being prevented. |
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allegory
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the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning
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alliteration
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the repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants sounds, in two or more neighboring words
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allusion
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a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumable commonoly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art
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ambiguity
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the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence or passage
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analogy
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a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them
an expressed metaphor- it spells out the nature of the comparison |
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antithesis
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the opposition of contrast of ideas; the direct opposite
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aphorism
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a terse statement of known authorship whcih expresses a general truth or a moral principle
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apostrophe
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a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love
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caricature
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a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distincitve physical features or other characteristics
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atmosphere
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the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described
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clause
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a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb
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colloquialism
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the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. not generally acceptable for formal writing, these give a work a conversational, familiar tone. inclue local or regional dialects
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conceit
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a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects
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connotation
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the non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes
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denotation
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the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion,attitude, or color
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didactic
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have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles
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diction
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related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choice, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness
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dysphemism
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dysphemisms heighten the offensiveness of a generally unpleasant word or concept. it exists inorder to contradict social expectations or standards, often for comedic or ironic effect
ex. 'croaked' instead of 'died' |
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euphemism
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a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. it may be ussed to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement
ex. 'earthly remains' instead of 'corpse' |
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extended metaphor
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a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work
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figurative language
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writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid
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figure of speech
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a device used to produce figurative language. many compare dissimilar things.
ex. metaphor, oxymoron, simile, hyperbole, synecdoche, understatement |
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generic conventions
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describes traditions for each genre
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genre
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the major category into which a literary work fits
ex. prose, poetry, drama |
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homily
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literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice
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hyperbole
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a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement
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imagery
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the sensory details or figurative language usd to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. physically, imagery uses terms related to the five senses:
visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile |
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inference
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to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented
"authors imply, readers infer" |
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invective
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an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language
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irony/ironic
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the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is actually meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true
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verbal irony
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when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning
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situational irony
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when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen
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dramatic irony
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when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work
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romantic irony
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when an author is persisently present in his or her work, meant to ensure that the audience will maintain critical detachment and not simply accept the writing at face value
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cosmic irony
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when the depiction of fate or the universe is malicious or indifferent to human suffering, creating a painful contrast between our purposeful activity and its ultimate meaninglessness
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loose/non-periodic sentence
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a type of sentence in which hte main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. if a period were placed at the end of the independent cluase, the clause would a complete sentence
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metaphor
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a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similiarity
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