Ap Lang And Comp Literary Terms

Front 1

types of pronouns

Back 1

--possessive
--nominative
--objective

Front 2

possessive pronouns

Back 2

my
hers
his

Front 3

nominative pronouns

Back 3

I
he
she
it
they

Front 4

objective pronouns

Back 4

it
they
me
him
her

Front 5

types of verbs

Back 5

transitive
intransitive
linking
gerund

Front 6

gerund verb

Back 6

"ing" verb that acts a noun

ex. I love running

Front 7

linking verb

Back 7

to be verbs

ex. am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

Front 8

transitive verb

Back 8

has a direct object

Front 9

intransitive verb

Back 9

has no direct object

ex: Shannon talks during chapel.

Front 10

interjection

Back 10

words used to express surprise or emotion

ex. "YAY!"
"OH NO!"

Front 11

types of conjunction

Back 11

coordinating
subordinating

Front 12

coordinating conjunctions

Back 12

and
or
for
nor
yet
but
so

Front 13

subordinating conjunctions

Back 13

who
what
where
when
why
how

Front 14

predicate

Back 14

the verb plus its complements, objects, and modifiers

Front 15

predicate noun

Back 15

word that comes after the linking verb; re-naming the subject

Front 16

predicate adjective

Back 16

word that comes after the linking verb, describing the subject

Front 17

phrase

Back 17

a group of words that lacks a subject, verb, or both

Front 18

appositive/essential appositive

Back 18

a phrase that renames a noun

don't mark with commas

Front 19

verbal(s) phrase

Back 19

a verb used as a different word form, combined with other words that constitute a phrase

Front 20

participial verb

Back 20

a conjugated verb form used as an ADJECTIVE, combined with other words that constitute a phrase

Front 21

clause

Back 21

a group of words that contain both a subject and a verb

Front 22

dependent clause

Back 22

a clause that requires an independent clause in order to stand alone

Front 23

independent clause

Back 23

a clause that may stand alone

Front 24

simple sentence

Back 24

contains one independent clause

ex: Joanna eats and drinks

Front 25

compound sentence

Back 25

contains at least two independent clauses

ex: Joanna eats and drinks, but Maddie hungers.

Front 26

complex sentence

Back 26

contains one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

ex: (While) Joanna eats and drinks, (while) Maddie hungers.

Front 27

compound-complex sentence

Back 27

contains at least two independent clauses and at least on dependent clause

ex. While Shannon laughs, Joanna eats and drinks, but Maddie hungers.

Front 28

declarative sentence

Back 28

used to make statements

Front 29

imperative sentence

Back 29

used to issue requests or commands

Front 30

exclamatory sentence

Back 30

used to make exclaimations

Front 31

interrogative sentence

Back 31

used to ask questions

Front 32

rhetorical sentence

Back 32

used to move the reader towards a position

ex. Are you stupid?

Front 33

natural/basic sentence

Back 33

basic sentence patterns are built around verbs and their verb forms

Front 34

types of natural/basic sentence

Back 34

1) subject-verb [intransitive]
2) subject-verb-object [transitive]
3) subject-verb-adjective [linking verbs]
4) subject-verb-adverb [linking/intransitive verbs]
5) subject-verb-noun [linking/to-be verbs]

Front 35

inverted sentence

Back 35

a sentence in which the word oder violates standard English.

ex: A jolly old soul was he.

Front 36

cumulative sentence

Back 36

extended variety of the loose sentence. often used in description, the cumulative sentence begins witha general statement that it then expands in a series of particulars
ex: The geriatric section is always the most unattractive, poorly lighted, no brightness, no pictures, no laughter.

Front 37

loose sentence

Back 37

a type of sentence in which the main idea (an independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. works with lots of these seem informal, relaxed, and conversational

Front 38

periodic sentence

Back 38

a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. this independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone.

ex. Ecstatic with my AP scores, I let out a loud shout of joy!

Front 39

interrupted sentence

Back 39

a sentence in which the main iea is interrupted by another thought and then resumed

ex. Will you allow me, or do i ask too much, to introduce my sister to you?

Front 40

parallel sentence

Back 40

a sentence in which the parts of a list use the same structure

ex. The British museum is a place where you can find ancient art, explore artifacts, and discover textiles

Front 41

balanced sentence

Back 41

a sentence in which the parts are similar in structure

ex. He wasn't being nervous; he was being prevented.

Front 42

allegory

Back 42

the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning

Front 43

alliteration

Back 43

the repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants sounds, in two or more neighboring words

Front 44

allusion

Back 44

a direct or indirect reference to something which is presumable commonoly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art

Front 45

ambiguity

Back 45

the multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, or a word, phrase, sentence or passage

Front 46

analogy

Back 46

a similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them
an expressed metaphor- it spells out the nature of the comparison

Front 47

antithesis

Back 47

the opposition of contrast of ideas; the direct opposite

Front 48

aphorism

Back 48

a terse statement of known authorship whcih expresses a general truth or a moral principle

Front 49

apostrophe

Back 49

a figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love

Front 50

caricature

Back 50

a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distincitve physical features or other characteristics

Front 51

atmosphere

Back 51

the emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described

Front 52

clause

Back 52

a grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb

Front 53

colloquialism

Back 53

the use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. not generally acceptable for formal writing, these give a work a conversational, familiar tone. inclue local or regional dialects

Front 54

conceit

Back 54

a fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or a surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects

Front 55

connotation

Back 55

the non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes

Front 56

denotation

Back 56

the strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion,attitude, or color

Front 57

didactic

Back 57

have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles

Front 58

diction

Back 58

related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choice, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness

Front 59

dysphemism

Back 59

dysphemisms heighten the offensiveness of a generally unpleasant word or concept. it exists inorder to contradict social expectations or standards, often for comedic or ironic effect

ex. 'croaked' instead of 'died'

Front 60

euphemism

Back 60

a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. it may be ussed to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement

ex. 'earthly remains' instead of 'corpse'

Front 61

extended metaphor

Back 61

a metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work

Front 62

figurative language

Back 62

writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid

Front 63

figure of speech

Back 63

a device used to produce figurative language. many compare dissimilar things.

ex. metaphor, oxymoron, simile, hyperbole, synecdoche, understatement

Front 64

generic conventions

Back 64

describes traditions for each genre

Front 65

genre

Back 65

the major category into which a literary work fits

ex. prose, poetry, drama

Front 66

homily

Back 66

literally means "sermon", but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice

Front 67

hyperbole

Back 67

a figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement

Front 68

imagery

Back 68

the sensory details or figurative language usd to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. physically, imagery uses terms related to the five senses:
visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory, tactile

Front 69

inference

Back 69

to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented

"authors imply, readers infer"

Front 70

invective

Back 70

an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language

Front 71

irony/ironic

Back 71

the contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is actually meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true

Front 72

verbal irony

Back 72

when the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) meaning

Front 73

situational irony

Back 73

when events turn out the opposite of what was expected; when what the characters and readers think ought to happen is not what does happen

Front 74

dramatic irony

Back 74

when facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction but known to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work

Front 75

romantic irony

Back 75

when an author is persisently present in his or her work, meant to ensure that the audience will maintain critical detachment and not simply accept the writing at face value

Front 76

cosmic irony

Back 76

when the depiction of fate or the universe is malicious or indifferent to human suffering, creating a painful contrast between our purposeful activity and its ultimate meaninglessness

Front 77

loose/non-periodic sentence

Back 77

a type of sentence in which hte main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. if a period were placed at the end of the independent cluase, the clause would a complete sentence

Front 78

metaphor

Back 78

a figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similiarity