A&p Lab: Practical 2

Front 1

Epiphysis

Back 1

ends of long bone (head)

spongy bone

stores red bone marrow in adults

Front 2

Diaphysis

Back 2

shaft of long bone

compact bone

stores yellow bone marrow

Front 3

periosteum

Back 3

The layer that surrounds a bone, consisting of an outer fibrous region and inner cellular region.

Front 4

Perforating (Sharpey's) Fibers:

Back 4

fibers from the periosteum that penetrate into the bone

Front 5

Articular Cartilage:

Back 5

covers epiphysis instead of periosteum

Front 6

Epiphyseal Plate

Back 6

thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides bone growth

Front 7

Endosteum

Back 7

An incomplete cellular lining on the inner (medullary) surfaces of bones.

Front 8

Medullary Cavity

Back 8

The space within a bone that contains the marrow.

the central cavity of the shaft

Front 9

Osteoblasts

Back 9

produce new bone matrix (ossification)

bone forming cells

Front 10

Osteoclasts

Back 10

remove and recycle bone matrix

bone breakdown/reabsorption

Front 11

Osteocytes

Back 11

mature bone cells in the lacuna

repair damaged bone

Front 12

Lamellae

Back 12

layers of bone matrix

Front 13

Canaliculi

Back 13

narrow passageways that radiate through the matrix and connect lacunae with each other, allowing exchange of nutrients

Front 14

Central Canal

Back 14

Haversian Canal

contains blood vessels that carry blood to and from the osteon

Front 15

Osteon

Back 15

a central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it

Front 16

Concentric Lamellae

Back 16

concentric circles that arrange around the central canal

Front 17

Interstitial Lamellae

Back 17

fill in the spaces between osteons in compact bone

remnants of circumferential lamellae that have been broken down

Front 18

Circumferential Lamellae

Back 18

found at outer and inner surfaces of bone

covered by periosteum and endosteum

Front 19

Axial Skeleton

Back 19

skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

Front 20

Skull

Back 20

Three Subgroups:
1. Cranium
2. Facial Bones
3. Associated Bones (hyoid bone and ear ossicles)

22 skull bones

Front 21

Sutures

Back 21

1. Squamous Suture
2. Lambdoid Suture
3. Coronal Suture
4. Sagittal Suture

Front 22

Squamous Suture

Back 22

separates the temporal bone with the parietal bone

Front 23

Lambdoid Suture:

Back 23

separates the occipital bone from the parietal bones

Front 24

Coronal Suture:

Back 24

separates the parietal bones from the frontal bone

Front 25

Sagittal Suture:

Back 25

separates the two parietal bones

Front 26

Cranium

Back 26

8 bones
-- 2 paired (parietals and temporals)

houses the brain

Front 27

Paired Cranial Bones

Back 27

1. Parietal Bones (L&R)
2. Temporal Bones (L&R)

Front 28

List the 8 Cranial Bones:

Back 28

1. Frontal Bone
2-3. Parietal Bones (L&R)
4-5. Temporal Bones (L&R)
6. Occipital Bone
7. Sphenoid Bone
8. Ethmoid Bone

Front 29

Frontal Bone

Back 29

*One of the 8 Cranial Bones

Identify:
1. Frontal Sinus
2. Glabella

Front 30

Parietal Bones

Back 30

*One of the 8 Cranial Bones

Left and right

Front 31

Temporal Bones

Back 31

*One of the 8 Cranial Bones

Left and Right

Identify:
1. External Auditory Meatus
2. Styloid Process
3. Zygomatic Process (and Zygomatic Arch)
4. Mastoid Process
5. Mandibular Fossa

Front 32

Occipital Bone:

Back 32

*One of the 8 Cranial Bones

Identify:
1. Foramen Magnum
2. Occipital Condyles

Front 33

Sphenoid Bone:

Back 33

*One of the 8 Cranial Bones

Identify:
1. Optic Canal (optic foramen)
2. Greater Wings
3. Lesser Wings
4. Sella Turcica
5. Sphenoid Sinus

Front 34

Ethmoid Bone:

Back 34

*One of the 8 Cranial Bones

Identify:
1. Crista Galli
2. Cribriform Plate
3. Ethmoid Sinus

Front 35

Facial Bones:

Back 35

14 Facial Bones
-- 12 are paired
-- 2 are single (vomer and mandible)

Front 36

List the 12 Facial Bones:

Back 36

1. Mandible
2. Vomer
3-4. Maxilla
5-6. Palatine Bones
7-8. Zygomatic Bones
9-10. Lacrimal Bones
11-12. Nasal Bones
13 - 14. Inferior Nasal Conchae

Front 37

Mandible:

Back 37

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

unpaired

Identify:
1. Condylar head (Mandibular Condyle)
2. Mental Foramen
3. Mandibular Foramen

4. Body
5. Coronoid Process
6. Ramus

Front 38

Vomer:

Back 38

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

unpaired

Front 39

Maxilla

Back 39

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

Identify:
1. Palatine Process
2. Maxillary Sinus

Front 40

Palatine Bones

Back 40

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

Paired (L&R)

Front 41

Zygomatic Bones

Back 41

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

Paired (L&R)

(cheek bones)

Front 42

Lacrimal Bones

Back 42

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

Paired (L&R)

Front 43

Nasal Bones

Back 43

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

Paired (L&R)

Front 44

Inferior Nasal Conchae

Back 44

*One of the 14 Facial Bones

Paired (L&R)

Front 45

Associated Facial Bones:

Back 45

1. Hyoid Bone
2. Ear Ossicles

Front 46

Hyoid Bone:

Back 46

not really considered a skull bone

located above the throat

point of attachment for many tongue and neck muscles

*horse-shoe shaped

Front 47

Vertebral Column:

Back 47

- 24 vertebrae (Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar)
- 2 fused bones (Sacrum and Coccyx)

Front 48

Five Divisions of the Vertebral Column

Back 48

1. Cervical Vertebrae
2. Thoracic Vertebrae
3. Lumbar Vertebrae
4. Sacrum
5. Coccyx

Front 49

Cervical Vertebrae:

Back 49

7 vertebrae (C1-C7)

Characteristics:
- Smallest and lightest
- Transverse Foramen in each transverse process
- Triangular Vertebral Foramen
- Bifurcated (split in two) Spinous Process
- Wide Transverse processes

Front 50

Atlas

Back 50

C1

"Yes"

Characteristics:
- lacks a body

Front 51

Axis

Back 51

C2

"No"

Characteristics:
- Dens

Front 52

Thoracic Vertebrae:

Back 52

12 vertebrae (T1-T12)

Characteristics:
- heart-shaped body
- Small costal Facets
- oval/round vertebral foramen
- Long, spinous process with a sharp downward hook
- only vertebrae that articulate with ribs

Front 53

Lumbar Vertebrae:

Back 53

5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

Characteristics:
- Largest and strongest vertebrae
- block-like bodies
- short, thick spinous processes
- limited mobility

*spinal cord ends at L2, but outer covering of spinal cord continues

Front 54

Sacrum:

Back 54

5 fused sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)

Front 55

Coccyx:

Back 55

3-5 Fused Vertebrae (coccygeal)

human tailbone

Front 56

4 Normal Spinal Curves of the Vertebral Column

Back 56

Primary Curves (present at birth):
1. Thoracic
2. Sacral

Secondary Curves (Developed after birth):
3. Cervical
4. Lumbar

Front 57

Dens:

Back 57

only in C2

a large, vertical process that serves as a pivot point

allow "no"

Front 58

Body:

Back 58

rounded, central portion of vertebrae

Front 59

Vertebral Arch:

Back 59

composed of pedicles, laminae, and a spinous process

Front 60

Vertebral Foramen:

Back 60

opening for the spinal cord

Front 61

Transverse Process:

Back 61

two lateral projections from the vertebral arch

Front 62

Intervertebral Foramen:

Back 62

openings in the right and left pedicles

Front 63

Spinous Process:

Back 63

single, medial and posterior projections from the vertebral arch

Front 64

Superior and Inferior Articular Processes:

Back 64

paired projections on the sides of vertebral foramen
--> articulation with other vertebrae

Front 65

Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage):

Back 65

1. Sternum
2. 12 Thoracic Vertebrae
3. 12 Pairs of Ribs

Front 66

Sternum:

Back 66

a single bone in the adult that is fused from three fetally separate bones (Manubrium, Sternal Body (Gladiolus, Xiphoid Process)

flat bone

Front 67

3 Bones of the Sternum:

Back 67

1. Manubrium
2. Sternal Body (Gladiolus)
3. Xiphoid Process

Front 68

Ribs:

Back 68

12 pairs of ribs

3 Types:
1. True Ribs
2. False Ribs
3. Floating Ribs

Front 69

True Ribs

Back 69

"Vertebrosternal Ribs"

First 7 pairs

attach to their own costal cartilages

Front 70

False Ribs

Back 70

"Vertebrochondral Ribs"

Rib Pairs 8-10

Indirectly attach to the sternum through the coastal cartilage of rib pair #7

Front 71

Floating Ribs

Back 71

"Vertebral Ribs"

Last 2 Pairs, 11-12

do NOT attach to the sternum at all