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217 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atoms |
Smallest units of matter; atoms combine to form molecules. |
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Cell |
Smallest living units in the body; cells contain organelles which are formed from molecules. |
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Tissues |
Many similar cells grouped together to perform a function or series of related functions. There are four main groups of tissues; epithelial, connective, muscular and nervous. |
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Organ |
Several different types of tissues grouped together to perform a function of a series of related functions. A few examples of organs would be the kidney, liver, brain and heart. |
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Organ Systems |
Several organs working together to perform a series of related functions. An example of an organ system is the respiratory system or the cardiovascular system. |
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Organism |
A form of life composed of mutually interdependent parts that maintain various vital processes; - a form of life considered as an entity. |
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Anatomy |
The study of the structures that make up the body and how those structures relate to each other. The Greek translation of the word anatomy means, "to cut up". |
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Gross Anatomy |
The study of body structures that can be seen without a microscope. |
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Microscopic Anatomy |
The study of the tiny structures of the body that can only be seen with a microscope. |
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Physiology |
The study of how the body functions and carries out the activities of life. |
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Anatomical Position |
Standing forward, feet together, palms forward. |
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Supine |
Body lying face up in anatomical position. |
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Prone |
Body lying face down in anatomical position. |
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Axial |
Body, head, chest, abdomen, pelvis. |
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Appendicular |
Limbs extremities, arms and legs |
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Right |
The subject's right side (not the observers) |
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Left |
The subject's left side (not the observers) |
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Planes of the body |
Traverse, sagittal, midsagittal, parasagittal, frontal (Coronal) |
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Tranverse Plane |
(Cross section) Divides the body into inferior and superior sections. |
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Sagittal Plane |
Divides the body into left and right halves |
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Midsagittal Plane |
Divides the body into equal left and right halves |
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Parasagittal Plane |
Divides the body into unequal left and right halves. |
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Frontal (Coronal) Plane |
Divides the body into posterior and anterior portions. |
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Superior (Cranial) |
above, toward the head. The leg is superior to the foot.
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Inferior (caudal) |
Below; toward the feet. The foot is inferior to the leg. |
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Anterior (ventral) |
Toward the front of the body. The nose is anterior to the ears. |
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Posterior (dorsal) |
Toward the back of the body. The ears are posterior to the nose. |
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Rostral |
Situated toward the oral or nasal region. |
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Medial |
Toward the midline of the body. The heart is medial to the lungs. |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline. The eyes are lateral to the nose. |
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Proximal |
Toward (nearer) the trunk of the body; closer to the point of attachment. The elbow is proximal to the wrist. |
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Distal |
Away (farther) from the trunk of the body; further away from the point of attachment. The wrist is distal to the elbow. |
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Superficial (external) |
Nearer to the surface of the body; toward or on the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the muscles. |
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Deep (internal) |
Away from the surface of the body; farther from the surface of the body. The muscles are deeper than the skin. |
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants |
Right upper Left upper Right Lower Left lower |
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Abdominopelvic Regions |
Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Left Hypochondriac region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Left lumbar region Right inguinal (iliac) region Hypogastric region Left inguinal (ilian) region |
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Body Cavities |
Dorsal Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Ventral Thoracic cavity Pleural cavities Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Abdominopelvic (peritoneal) cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominal cavity
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Cranial Cavity |
Contains the brain |
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Spinal Cavity |
Contains the spinal cord |
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Pleural cavities |
surrounds left and right lungs |
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Pericardial cavity |
Surrounds heart |
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Mediastinum |
Partition area between the lungs. |
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Pelvic Cavity |
Contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs. |
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Abdominal Cavity |
Contains digestive organs and many glands.
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Organ Systems |
Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Edocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System |
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Integumentary System |
Skin, hair, nails and exocrine glands (sweat and sebaceous glands). |
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Skeletal System |
Bones, cartilage, tendons, ligaments |
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Muscular System |
Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac muscles. |
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Nervous System |
Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. |
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Endocrine System |
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes. |
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Cardiovascular System |
Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
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Lymphatic System |
Lymphatic vessels, nodes, spleen and thymus |
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Respiratory System |
Lungs, alveoli, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and nasal cavity, diaphragm |
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Digestive System |
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine, liver, pancreas and gallbladder. |
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Urinary System |
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. |
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Reproductive System |
Male: testes, prostate gland, Cowper's glands, seminal vesicles, ductus deferens, penis.
Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina |
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Types of microscopes |
Compound Light Microscope Stereoscopic or dissecting Micro-video System Photographic microscope Phase-contrast microscope Scanning electron microscope Transmission electron microscope |
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Compound Light microscope |
uses a series of lenses and a light source |
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Stereoscopic (or Dissecting) Microscope |
Used to view objects in 3D |
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Micro-video System |
Uses a compound light microscope with a camera attached. |
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Photographic Microscope |
uses a compound light microscope with a camera attached to produce a photmicrograph |
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Phase-contrast Microscope |
Filters out certain light rays to view certain structures better (especially clear objects) |
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Scanning electron microscope |
Shines a beam of electrons across the surface of an object in a vacuum that gives an image of surface and dimensions of an object. |
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Transmission electron microscope |
Uses electrons in a vacuum to view ultra-thinly slice objects that have been treated with heavy metal salts to improve contrast. |
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Monocular |
One ocular lense |
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Binocular |
Two ocular lenses
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Nosepiece |
Holds and moves objective lenses on microscope |
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Condenser |
A series of lenses that you can move up and down to condense and clarify the light shining through the object.
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Cells |
The building blocks of life The study of of cells is cytology
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Organelles |
"little organs" within the cell carry out the functions of the cell. Plant cells: usually square Animal cells: generally round
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Plant cells |
usually square contain cellulose, which helps to strengthen and support the cell. Also contacin chloroplasts where photosynthesis occurs. |
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Cell (plasma) membrane |
surrounds animal cells. Semi-permeable Provides form to cell and controls passage of materials into and out of cell. Forms a thin, protective layer around the cell. Made up of two phopholipid molecules. One of the end phospholip molecules has a charged polar end (hydrophilic) while the other end has an uncharged nonpolar end (hydrophobic). Some proteins are loosely bound on the surface and may function as receiptors, channels, carriers, enzymes, anchors or identifiers. Others are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
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Nucleaus |
control center of the cell Suspended in cytosol |
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Cytosol |
gel-like fluid where nucleus and other organelles are suspended and materials are diffused.
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Cytoplasm |
The collective term given to the cytosol and the organelles. Each organelle performs specific functions in the cell. |
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Nucleolus |
Dense area found within nucleus, forms ribosomes. |
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Mitochondria |
"powerhouse" of the cell: produces ATP whic provides energy for cellular metabolism. (singular: Mitochonrion) |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Membranous flattened channels and canal-like structures found throughout cytosol, provides transport of substances, synthesizes proteins and other products.
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Ribosomes are attached to the surface of the membrane giving the ER a "rough appearance", contains newly synthesized proteins. |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Contains no ribosomes, lipid and carbohydrate synthesis |
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Ribosomes |
Site of protein synthesis |
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Golgi Apparatus |
Flattened sacs with vacuoles, synthesizes carbohydrates and packages molecules for secretion. |
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Lysomes |
Membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes used to break down damaged cell parts and foreign substances: sometimes called "suicide bags" due to the fact that when lysosomes rupture within the cell, they detroy it. |
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Peroxisomes |
Membranous vesicles containing exzymes that degrade and neutralize toxic compounds; smaller than lysosomes. |
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Cilia |
Short, membranous extensions of the cell which move materials over the cell surface. |
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Flagella |
Long, membranous extensions of the cell which provide means of movement for sperm. |
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Microtubules |
Hollow, slender, cylindrical structures which provide strength and support and assist in movement of cellular structures and material. |
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Microfilaments |
Solid, rodlike structures containing the protein actin which provide structural support and assist cell movement. |
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Microvilli |
Membrane extensions which contain microfilaments; increase surface area. |
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Centriole |
Composed of 9 triplet microtubules, assist in movement of chromosomes during cell division; form basal body of cilia and flagella. |
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Centrosome |
Cytoplasm containing two centrioles at right angles. |
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Hydro- |
water |
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-philic |
loving
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-phobic |
fearing, hating |
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Water |
Makes up 2/3 total body weight. Vital to matabolism. Transports substances and helps lubricate and cushion organs. Acts as a solvent for viochemical reactions. Considered universal solvent. Helps control temperature of body by evaporation through theskin. H2O > the oxygen atom is negative the hydrogen atom has a positive charge because the charges are different - they are considered polar molecules. A person can live about 3 days without water. |
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Solvent |
a liquid or gas capable of dissolving another substance. |
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Solute |
The substance being dissolved |
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Solution |
mixture of solvent and dissolved solute.
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Somatic Cells |
All other body cells except sex cells |
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Mitosis |
nuclear division of somatic cells |
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Meisois |
nuclear division of sex cells |
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Dipolid |
normal somatic number of chromosomes (46) |
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Haploid |
Half the dipoid number of chromosomes (23) egg and sperm contain the haploid chromosome number due to meiosis. |
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Chromosome |
coils of DNA |
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Chromatid |
one strand of a double stranded chromosome |
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Centromere |
Cener of a chromosome |
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
Nucleic acid containing cellular information. Made up of two linear strands of repeating subunits (nitrogenous bases) Double helix Each nucleotide has 3 components: a sugar, photphate group and a nitrogenous base. The sugar is always a 5-carbon sugar, either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA. Made up of 4 kinds of nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Ctyosin (C) Thymine (T)
All bases bonded together by sugar - phospate linkages. Adenine and Thymine always bond together adn Cytosine and Guanine always bond together. |
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Nucleic Acids |
large molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. Responsible for storing and regulating protein synthesis in the nucleus. Two types: RNA & DNA |
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RNA |
riboninucleic acid involved in transcriptoin and translation of the genetic code. Contains a fifth nitrogenous base (uracil) U |
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Mitosis |
The division of somatic (body) cell nuclei. Results in the replication of the dipoid (normal somatic) choromosome number (all daughter cells contain the same kind and number of chromosomes as the parent cell). In human body cells the dipoloid chromosome number is 46. The sex cells each contain 23 chromosomes. |
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4 main types of tissue |
Epithelial Connective Muscle Neural |
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Basement Membrane |
The layer of filaments and fibers that attach an epithelium to the underlying connective tissue. |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Covers all the surfaces of the body, including the external surfaces, the inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory and reproductive systems, and the dorsal and ventral body cavities.
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Types of epithelial tissue |
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional & goblet. |
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Connective tissue |
Serves to bind or support the organs and is the most widely distributed tissue in the body. |
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Types of connective tissues |
Loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, blood, cartilage & bone. |
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Muscle Tissue |
Characterized by irritability, excitability, elasticity and contractility. Contractile fibrils in the cells enable the tissue to shorten, generating a force, and producing movement. |
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Intercalated disc |
Specialized cell junctions between heart muscle cells that facilitate the passing of an impulse from one heart cell to the next. |
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Nervous tissue |
Serves to coordinate systems in the body. Types: Neuron (nerve cell) Neuroglia (supporting cells) |
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Types of membrane permeability |
impermeable - nothing can cross freely permeable - anything can cross semipermeable - some things can cross but some things can't. |
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Factors that determine how a substance will get in and out of a cell |
1. Molecular size 2. Electrical Charge 3. Lipid solubility 4. Carrier molecule availability 5. Energy |
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Simple Diffusion |
The process in which molecules spread out randomly from heavily concentrated areas to areas of lesser concentration until they are distributed evenly in a state of equilibrium.
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Concentration gradient |
The difference in concentration of molecules in a given area. (as a result of diffusion) |
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Facilitated diffusion |
When molecules pass through the cell membrane with assistance from other cellular structures such as large proteins. Carrier proteins temporarily bind with the molecules to assist them in passing through the cell membrane. the carrier protein changes shape to allow passage through the cell membrane, deposits the molecule and returns to its original shape. |
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Carrier proteins |
proteins that temporarily bind with the molecules to assist them in passing through the cell membrane. Amino acids and glucose use carrier proteins to enter the cell. The shape changes to allow passage through the cell membrane. After releasing molecule, the protein returns to its original shape. |
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Osmosis |
The diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration until equilibrium is achieved. Occurs in red blood cells when water concentration outside the cell is in higher than the water conentration inside the cell (or vice versa) |
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Osmotic Pressure |
pressure developed in a solution due to osmosis. |
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Solute |
particles in a solvent |
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Solvent |
Liquid the solute in it |
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Solution |
the mixture of a solute and solvent. |
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Integumentary System |
Consists mainly of skin but also includes hair, nails and skin.
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Skin |
part of the integumentary system. largest organ of the body. Three main sections: Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
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Epidermis |
Outer-most layer of epithelial tissue. Five layers: Stratum Corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum |
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Dermis |
Thicker layer of connective tissue beneath the epidermis. It contains blood vessels, nerves, etc. |
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Hypodermis |
(Subcutaneous) layer of loose connective tissue beneath the dermis. It is characterized by the presence of adipose tissue. |
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Skin Color |
Controlled by Carotene - orange, yellow pigment and Melanin - dark brown pigment. The color of the blood reflected through the epidermis also effects skin color. |
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Melanin |
dark brown pigment produced by cells called melanocytes. Screens out excessive ultraviolet rays, to protect the nucleus and the genetic material of the cell. |
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How do wounds heal? |
A blood clot is formed which stops external bleeding A scab forms from the dried blood clot Phagocytic white blood cells remove damaged tissue and harmful microorganisms. Epidermal cells multiply under the scab Cells in the dermis called fibroblasts produce collagenous fibers and form a scar. |
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Dermatology |
The medical study of the physiology and pathology of the skin |
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Rule of Nines |
method of estimating extend of skin burns |
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Dermatitis |
Inflammation of the skin |
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Scab |
A blood clot that forms at the surface of a wound to the skin. |
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Contusion |
A bruise causing bleeding in the dermis |
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Urticaria |
hives |
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Sebaceous |
oil glands connected to hair follicles that function to lubricate and protect. |
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Sebum |
oily secretion |
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Sudoriferous |
Sweat glands: two types: apocrine and merocrine |
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Apocrine |
Large sweat glands (arm pits & genital area) |
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Merocrine or eccrine |
small sweat glands (palms, fingers, soles) |
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Cerumen |
ear wax |
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Pacinian corpuscles |
Receptors for deep pressure |
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Meissner's corpuscles |
(Corpuscles of touch) Sensitive touch receptors. |
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Macule |
A localized change in skin color (freckles) |
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Wheal |
A localized elevation of the overlying epidermis which accumulates fluid in the papillary dermis. Ex. hives |
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Papule |
A solid elevated area containing epidermal and papillary dermal components. Ex. mosquito or other insect bite. |
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Nodules |
Large papules that may extend into the subcutaneous layer. Ex. cyst |
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Vesicles |
A blister. a papule with a fluid core. A large vesicle may be called a bulla. Ex. second-degree burn. |
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Pustule |
A papule-sized lesion filled with pus. Ex. acne pimple |
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Erosion |
(An ulcer) may occur following the rupture of a vesicle or pustule. Eroded sites have lost part of all of the normal epidermis. Ex. decubitis ulcer |
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Crust |
An accumulation of dried sebum, blood, or interstitial fluid over the surface of the epidermis. Ex. seborrheic dermatitis, scabs, impetigo. |
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Scales |
Thin plates of cornified cells which form as a result of abnormal keratinization. Ex. psoriasis |
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Fissure |
A split in the integument that extends through the epidermis and into the dermis. Ex. athletes foot |
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Major types of open wounds |
Abrasion Incision Laceration Puncture Avulsion |
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Laceration |
jagged, irregular tear in the surface produced by solid impact or by an irregular object. |
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Avulsion |
chunks of tissue are torn away by force |
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Major Classification of Bones |
Long Bones (ex. femur) Short Bones (ex. carpal) Flat Bones (ex. skull bones) Irregular Bones (ex. spinal vertebrae) Sesamoid Bones (develop inside tendons) (ex. patella) Sutural Bones (Wormian Bones) found between the skull bones. |
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Typical Long Bones |
Has three general parts: Epihysis - the ends of the bone (head) Diaphsis - the long, hollow shaft of the bone Metaphysis - the flared region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet. |
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Compact bone |
Is dense and relatively solid Under microscopic cross section, appears to have a pattern of concentric rings (osteons or Haversian systems) |
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Spongy Bone |
forms an open network of struts and plates (contains red marrow) Made up of a latticework of thin, bony plates called trabeculae. The spaces between the trabeculae of the spongy bone are filled with red marrow, which produces red blood cells, some white cells and platelets. |
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Process |
surface marking of bone a projection or bump |
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Ramus |
surface marking of bone angle of a bone |
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trochanter |
surface marking of bone very large, rough, rounded projection (present only in femur) |
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tuberosity |
surface marking of bones large (smaller than trochanter), rough rounded projection |
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Tubercle |
Surface marking of bones small, rough, rounded projection |
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Crest |
Surface marking of bones prominent projection or ridge |
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Line |
Surface marking of bones narrow, low ridge
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Spine |
Surface marking of bones Pointed process |
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Head |
surface marking of bones expanded, rounded surface at end of bone. |
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Condyle |
Surface marking of bones large, convex projection that usually contacts another bone. |
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Trochlea |
surface marking of bones grooved surface shaped like a pulley |
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Facet |
Surface marking of bones small smooth, flat surface |
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Fossa |
Surface marking of bones Shallow depression or concavity |
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Foramen |
Surface marking of bones natural opening on a bone surface for nerves and/or blood vessels |
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Fissure |
Surface marking of bones deep cleft between adjacent parts of bone
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Meatus |
Surface marking of bones Canal
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Sinus or antrum |
Surface marking of bones hollow space within bone |
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Axial Bones |
Mandible Maxilla Frontal Parietal Occipital Hyoid Temporal Strenum Vertebrae Ribs Sacrum & Coccyx |
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Appendicular Skeleton |
Clavicle Scapula Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals & Metacarpals Phalanges Coxal Bone Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals & Metatarsals
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Long bone |
Has three general parts: Epiphysis Diaphysis Metaphysis |
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Epiphysis |
The ends of the bone have only a thin layer of compact bone surrounding a larger network of spongy bone. |
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Diaphysis |
The long, hollow shaft of the bone |
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Metaphysis |
The flared region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet. The growing portion of the bone. Consists of spongy bone covered with compact bone and an epiphyseal (growth) plate. |
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Medullary cavity |
Cavity within diaphysis that contains yellow marrow |
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Periosteum |
Dense fibrous membrane covering the surface of a bone |
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Endosteum |
lining of the medullary cavity |
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Osteon |
the structural unit of compact bone |
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Osteocyte |
bone cells found in lucanae |
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Epiphyseal (growth) plate |
Growth plate Generate new cells until about age 17 when the growing period stops. |
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Flat bones |
Similar in structure in that they consist of two layers of dense bone surrounding a central core of spongy bone called the diploe.
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Haversian System (osteons) |
Pattern of concentric rings seen in a cross section of compact bone under microscope. Runs longitudinally through the bone and contains blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves. Lamellae (rings) encircle the central canal. Within and between the lamellae are lacunae (small spaces) that are interconnected by small channels called canaliculi. Within each lacuna is a bone cell (osteocyte. |
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Osteocytes |
mature bone cells |
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Osteoblasts |
precursor cells atha are responsible for the producation fo new bone in a prcoess called osteogenesis. When completely surrounded by bone matrix it differentiates into an osteocyte. Always adding matrix. |
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Osteoclasts |
giant cells with 50 or more nuclei that function to remove bone matrix. They secrete acids and exzymes thus dissolving the matrix and releasing stored minerals. Are always removing matrix. |
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Bone facts |
Turnover rate is high: 1/5 of a young adults skeleton is demolished and rebuild or replaced within a year.
> calcium, bone will release it < calcium, bone will store it.
When stressed, the mineral crystals in bone give off tiny electrical fields which attract osteoblasts and start to produce bone.
Heavily stressed bones become stronger and thicker
Bones without enough stress become thin and brittle |
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Anulus Fibrosus |
Tough outer layer of fibrocartilage |
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Nucleus Puposus |
soft, elastic gelatinous core |
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Slipped disc |
When compression of the nucleus pulposus distort the annulus fibrosus, forcing it partway into the vertebral canal.
Disc does not really "slip"
Whiplash |
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Herniated disc |
Nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus and protrudes into vertebral canal.
Sensory nerves distorted
Painful
May have burning or tingling in lower back and lower limb. (Partial loss of control over skeletal muscles) |
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Shoulder joint |
*Articulation of head and humerus w/ glenoid cavity of scapula *Ball and socket joint *Permits greatest range of motion of any joint *Most frequently dislocated joint *Stability sacrificed to obtain mobility *Stability from surrounding muscles, ligaments and tendons *"Rotator Cuff" muscles primary support *Bursae reduce friction |
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Elbow joint |
*Complex hing joint *Involves humerus, radius and ulna *Trochlea of humerus articulates with trochlear notch of ulna *Very stable joint *nursemaids elbow - partial dislocation caused by pulling a toddler's arm |
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Hip joint |
*Ball and socket joint *flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, rotation *Acetabulum articulates with head of femur *Extremely stable joint *Hip fractures common in elderly w/severe osteoporosis
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Knee joint |
*Complicated hinge joint *Flexion, extension, limited rotation *Medial and lateral menisci- fibrocartilage pads act as cushions and provide lateral stability. *7 major ligaments stabilize knee joint: patellar ligament - holds patella fibular collateral ligament tibial collateral ligament anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) Popliteal ligaments *injury common because the knee is a mobile, weight bearing joint, stability depends on associated ligaments and muscles. |
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"Unhappy triad" |
Can result if the foot is planted then blow to side of leg: Results in "clipping" in football; tibial collateral ligament ruptures, opening the joint on medial side and possibly tearing the medial meniscus and ACL |
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Synovial joints |
Gliding (carpal, tasal) Hinge (elbow, knee) Pivot (atlas, axis) Saddle (carpometacarpal joint of thumb) Ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip) Ellipsoidal (Candyloid) (modified ball-and-socket) metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) (except thumb) |
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Types of movement at synovial joints |
Flexion - bending in which angle between 2 bones is decreased Extension - straightening motion in which angle between bones increases Abduction - movement of a limb away from the midline of the body; (mvmt. of fingers and toes away from longitudinal axis of the hand or foot)(spreading of fingers) Adduction - mvmt. of a limb toward the midline of the body. Movement of the fingers or toes toward the midline of the hand and foot. (bringing the fingers back together) Circumduction - mvmt. in which distal end of bone moves in a circular motion while the proximal end remains stable: as when you move your arm in a large circle. Rotation - mvmt. of a bone around its longitudinal axis: as when you shake your head no. Inversion - mvmt. of the sole of the foot inward (medially) Eversion - mvmt. of the sole of the foot outward (laterally) |
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Fractures |
Complete - the bone breaks completely into 2 pieces. Incomplete (partial) - The bone does not break completely into 2 or more pieces. Comminuted - The bone is splintered or crushed into small fragments. Greenstick - the bone is broken on one side and bent on the other; common in children. Simple (closed) - The bone is broken but does not break through the skin. Compound (open) - The bone is broken and cuts through the skin. Spiral - the bone is broken by twisting Transverse - the bone is broken directly across at a right angle to the bone's long axis. Oblique - the bone is broken on a slant, at approx. a 45 degree angle to the bone's long axis. Chip - the bone is chipped where a protrusion is exposed. Impacted - the bone is broken when one part is forcefully driven into another, as at shoulder or hip. Linear Skull - the skull is broken in a line, lenghtwise Colles' - the distal end of the radius is displaced posteriorly. Depressed skull - the skull is broken by a puncture, causing a depression below the surface. Pott's - The distal part of the fibula and medial malleolus of the tibia are broken. |
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How a fracture heals |
1. Bleeding occurs immediately after the fracture and after several hours a fracture hematoma (blood clot) forms. 2. Fibroblasts enter the damaged area and a hard callus forms a few days later. 3. Osteogenic cells differentiate into new bony trabeculae, knitting the new fragments together. 4. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the region for the many months. This trabecular bone will eventually be replaced w/compact bone. The repaired area may even be thicker and stronger than the original bone and if a similar break occurs it will usually not occur in the same place as the original break. |
