A&p L Skeletal System

Front 1

What are the functions of the Skeletal System?

Back 1

-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Mineral Storag(Calcium)
Energy Storage
-Blood Cell manufacturing(Hemopoesis)

Front 2

Name the types of bone shapes

Back 2

-Long- Length is greater than width
-Short- Length and width are about the same
-Flat- Flat surface
-Irregular- All others

Front 3

What are sesamoid bones embedded in?

Back 3

Tendons

Front 4

What is a joint?

Back 4

Any place two bones meet

Front 5

What are the microscopic structures of bone and cartilage called?

Back 5

-Spongy Bone
-Dense or Compact Bone
(Calcified)

Front 6

What is found in Spongy Bone?

Back 6

Trabeculae

Front 7

What is Trabeculae?

Back 7

"Threads" of bone that create the spaces in spongy bone

Front 8

What makes up Dense/Compact Bone?

Back 8

-Osteons or Haversian Systems
-Concentric Lamella
-Central Canal
-Lacunae
-Osteocytes
-Canaliculi

Front 9

What are the structural units of Dense/Compact Bones?

Back 9

Osteons/Haversian Systems

Front 10

What are the "rings" in Dense/Compact Bone?

Back 10

Concentric Lomella

Front 11

What runs in the middle of a Concentric Lamella?

Back 11

Central Canal

Front 12

What are the spaces within Lomella called?

Back 12

Lacunae

Front 13

What are bone cells called?

Back 13

Osteocytes

Front 14

Where are Osteocytes located?

Back 14

Within the lacunae

Front 15

What connects the lacunae with one another and with the central canal?

Back 15

Canaliculi

Front 16

What is the name of the cavity found in the Diaphysis? What does it store? What is the purpose for the stored substance?

Back 16

Medullary Cavity. It stores Yellow Bone Marrow (fat). YBM's purpose is to supply energy

Front 17

Osteoblasts

Back 17

The cells that create new bone cells and material

Front 18

Osteoclasts

Back 18

The cells that absorb old bone cells and material

Front 19

What is the membrane that covers the outside of bones?

Back 19

Periosteum

Front 20

What is the membrane that lines the Medullary Cavity?

Back 20

Endosteum

Front 21

What is the area that separates the Epiphysis and the Diaphysis?

Back 21

Metaphysis/Epiphyleal Growth Plate

Front 22

What are the fluid filled sacs used to protect certain structures in joints?

Back 22

Bursae

Front 23

What is the fibrous connective tissue covering articulating surfaces of bones?

Back 23

Articular Cartilage

Front 24

What is a chondrocyte?

Back 24

Cartilage cell

Front 25

What is the shaft of a long bone called?

Back 25

Diaphysis

Front 26

What are the pads of cartilage used to protect joints?

Back 26

Menisci

Front 27

What type of tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed?

Back 27

Connective Tissue

Front 28

Name the types of joints.

Back 28

Synarthrotic
Amphiarthrotic
Diarthrotic/Synovial

Front 29

What are the two ends of long bone called and what is manufactured in them?

Back 29

Epiphysis
Red Bone Marrow is produced

Front 30

What is the space surrounding a joint called?

Back 30

Joint Cavity

Front 31

What cells are responsible for the formation and growth of bones?

Back 31

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Front 32

What is the Metaphysis?

Back 32

Area that separates the Epiphysis and Diaphysis

Front 33

Name the structures of long bone.

Back 33

Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Metaphysis
Medullary Cavity
Endostium
Periosteum

Front 34

What is the Medullary Cavity?

Back 34

The cavity inside of the Diaphysis

Front 35

What is the Diaphysis?

Back 35

The shaft of long bone

Front 36

Name the two layers of articular capsules and where they are found.

Back 36

Fibrous layer. Located on the outside of capsule for protection.

Synovial layer. Located inside the capsule. Secretes synovial fluid used for lubrication.

Front 37

Where are the cells that are responsible for bone growth and formation found?

Back 37

Osteoblasts- Periosteum

Osteoclasts- Endosteum

Front 38

Name the structures you will find within a Synovial joint?

Back 38

Joint Cavity
Articular Capsule
Articular Cartilage
Ligaments
Bursae
Menisci

Front 39

What is the tissue surrounding the joint called?

Back 39

Articular Capsule

Front 40

What is the area between the Spinous Process and the transverse Process?

Back 40

Lamina Groove

Front 41

What is the Endostium?

Back 41

The membrane lining the Medullary Cavity

Front 42

Name the types of synovial joints

Back 42

Ball & socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
Gliding
Condyloid/Lipsoid

Front 43

Which synovial joint allows the most motion? Give example(s) of this joint

Back 43

Ball and socket- shoulder, hip

Front 44

Which synovial joint allows rotation? Give example.

Back 44

Pivot- neck

Front 45

Which synovial joint allows only flexion and extesion? Give example(s)

Back 45

Hinge- elbow, knee

Front 46

Which synovial joint is made up of concave and convex surfaces? Give example(s)

Back 46

Saddle- thumb

Front 47

Which synovial joint is the least moveable? Give example(s)

Back 47

Gliding- Acromioclavicular (joint made with acromion and clavicle)

Front 48

Which synovial joint allows ONLY flexion/extension and adduction/abduction? Give example(s)

Back 48

Condyloid/lipsoid- Wrist, foot

Front 49

What are ways of determining if a skeleton is of a male or female?

Back 49

Male skeletons are normally larger
Male pelvis is usually more narrow

Front 50

What is the best way to determine the sex of a skeleton?

Back 50

The pelvis. The male pelvis is usually more narrow than the female pelvis. The female pelvis is usually wider for child-birth

Front 51

Name some types of fractures

Back 51

Complete/incomplete
Open/compound
Closed/simple
Comminuted
Greenstick
Hairline
Compression
Oblique, spiral, transverse

Front 52

Which type of fracture breaks totally through the bone?

Back 52

Complete

Front 53

Which type of fracture breaks partially through the bone?

Back 53

Incomplete

Front 54

Which type of fracture does the bone pierce the skin?

Back 54

Open/compound

Front 55

Which type of fracture does not pierce the skin?

Back 55

Closed/simple

Front 56

Which type of fracture breaks and shatters the bone?

Back 56

Comminuted

Front 57

Which type of fracture does the bone bend and partially break?

Back 57

Greenstick

Front 58

Which type of fracture is a slight, partial break or crack?

Back 58

Hairline

Front 59

Which type of fracture is caused due to pressure directly on the bone?

Back 59

Compression

Front 60

Which type of fracture is at an angle not 90 degrees?

Back 60

Oblique

Front 61

Which type of fracture has a straight break?

Back 61

Transverse

Front 62

Which type of fracture has multiple breaks at different angles?

Back 62

Spiral

Front 63

What bone disorder has calcium being pulled from the bones faster than it is produced causing brittle bones?

Back 63

Osteoporosis

Front 64

What is the most common site for fractures for someone with osteoporosis?

Back 64

The hip (pelvis)

Front 65

What helps "calcify" bones to make them more dense?
Hint: Not calcium

Back 65

Exercise

Front 66

Name the types of Postural deviations

Back 66

Kyphosis
Lordosis
Scoliosis

Front 67

Which postural disorder develops an exaggerated lumbar cuve?

Back 67

Lordosis
(Swayback)

Front 68

Which postural disorder develops an exaggerated thoracic curve?

Back 68

Kyphosis
(Hunchback/humpback)

Front 69

Which postural disorder develops a lateral curve in the spine?

Back 69

Scoliosis

Front 70

What are some causes for scoliosis?

Back 70

Functional- tight muscles pulling on spine
Structural- natural curving of spine

Front 71

Name some types of joint disorders

Back 71

Dislocations
Gout
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Spondylosis
Sprains
TMJ disorders
Bursitis
Ganglion cysts
Osgood-Sclatter's disease
Herniated discs

Front 72

Give an example of a TMJ disorder. What are possible causes?

Back 72

Malocclusion (dysfunctional bite)
Caused by bruxism (teeth grinding) and/or loose ligaments in joint

Front 73

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Back 73

Arthritis caused by autoimmune system. Occurs mostly in hands. Bones become distorted

Front 74

What is osteoarthritis?

Back 74

Inflammation of a joint caused by wear and tear. Articular cartilage starts wearing away

Front 75

What causes uric acid?

Back 75

Excessive proteins, red meat and alcohol

Front 76

How are autoimmune system conditions treated?

Back 76

Immunosuppressants

Front 77

What is Gout?

Back 77

Inflammation of the joints caused by an excess of uric acid

Front 78

What is spondylosis?

Back 78

Osteoatrhritis of the spine. Spinal canal can narrow putting pressure on nerves. Most common in cervical and lumbar areas.

Front 79

What is a partial dislocation called?

Back 79

Subluxation

Front 80

Which joints does osteoarthritis normally affect?

Back 80

Joints that are used more often

Front 81

Name some symptoms of a TMJ disorder

Back 81

Pain in head, mouth, neck and shoulders.
Clicking sound in joint

Front 82

What are the three degrees of a sprain? Define each.

Back 82

1st degree: stretching of ligament in a joint
2nd degree: partial tear in ligament
3rd degree: complete tear of ligament

Front 83

What is a sprain?

Back 83

Injury to a joint-ligament unit

Front 84

What are the main symptoms of a dislocation?

Back 84

Pain and immoveable joint

Front 85

What is a dislocation?

Back 85

When articulating bones separate

Front 86

What is bursitis? How does it affect a joint? Where is the most common area it occurs?

Back 86

Inflammation of the bursae
The bursae swells and widens the joint
Limits ROM
The shoulder is the most common place of occurance

Front 87

What is a ganglion cyst?

Back 87

Fluid-filled cyst growing on joint capsule.

Front 88

Describe how a herniated disc is created.

Back 88

Gel inside of disc oozes out due to pressure of vertabrae pressing down causing the disc to protrude

Front 89

What is Osgood-Sclatter disease?

Back 89

Irritation and inflamation of quadriceps insertion at the tibial tuberosiry
The bone (tibia) grows faster than the muscles
Tibial tuberosity can become more prominent