A&p Ii Unit 1 Part 1: Blood

Front 1

The 3 classification levels of blood

Back 1

connective tissue > mesenchyme > mesoderm

Front 2

why is blood a connective tissue

Back 2

because of mesenchymal origin and composition

Front 3

formed elements of blood

Back 3

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a semi-fluid matrix

Front 4

erythrocytes

Back 4

red blood cells

Front 5

leukocytes

Back 5

white blood cells

Front 6

thrombocytes

Back 6

platelets

Front 7

blood plasma

Back 7

semi fluid matrix around cells made of fibers and soluble proteins

Front 8

response to injury

Back 8

fibers and soluble proteins in blood matrix start clotting

Front 9

percentage of each:

1. plasma

2. leukocytes

3. erythrocytes

Back 9

1. 55%

2. 1%

3. 45%

Front 10

define hematocrit

Back 10

erythrocyte volume/concentration

Front 11

hematocrit for:

1. males

2. females

Back 11

1. 42% +/- 5%

2. 45% +/- 5%

Front 12

what are the 4 physical characteristics of blood

Back 12

1. color

2. pH

3. consistancy

4. volume

Front 13

what do the colors of blood mean:

1. scarlet/ bright red

2. dark red

Back 13

1. oxygenated

2. deoxygenated

Front 14

What classification is blood according to pH

Back 14

an alkaline

Front 15

blood pH

Back 15

7.35-7.45

Front 16

what is the consistency of blood?

Back 16

viscous

Front 17

What are the 5 functions of blood

Back 17

1. carry oxygen

2. transport

3. homeostatic maintenance

4. protection 5

5. vasodilation

Front 18

what does blood transport

Back 18

nutrients, waste, and hormones

Front 19

how does blood maintain homeostasis

Back 19

by maintaining temperature, pH, and fluid volume

Front 20

how does blood protect

Back 20

protects against blood loss and infection

Front 21

define vasodilation

Back 21

the widening of blood vessel walls from the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the walls

Front 22

what is plasma made of

Back 22

90% water, 8% proteins, 2% other

Front 23

function of water in plasma

Back 23

1. dissolving and suspending medium for solutes

2. absorbs heat

Front 24

what proteins are in plasma?

Back 24

1. albumin 60%

2. globulins 36%

3. clotting proteins 4%

Front 25

Albumin

1. produced by what

2. function

Back 25

1. liver

2. exterts osmotic pressure to maintain water balance between blood and tissues

Front 26

globulins

Back 26

consists of alpha, beta, and gamma

Front 27

alpha, beta

1. produced by what

2. function

Back 27

1. liver

2. transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions, and fat soluble vitamins

Front 28

gamma

1.what are they

2. come from where?

Back 28

1. antibodies

2. released by plasma cells during an immune response

Front 29

clotting proteins

1. made of what

2. produced by what

3. function

Back 29

1. fibrinogen and prothrombin

2. liver

3. act in blood clotting

Front 30

what are some other things found in blood plasma

Back 30

metabolic enzymes, antibacterial proteins, hormones, nitrogenous substances, nutrients, electrolytes, respiratory gases

Front 31

non protein nitrogenous substances

1. define

2. examples

Back 31

1. by products of cellular metabolism

2. lactic acid, urea, uric cid, creatine, and ammonium salts

Front 32

nutrients

1. define

2. examples

Back 32

1. materials absorbed by digestive tract and transported for use throughout the body

2. glucose, simple carbs, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, triglycerides, cholesterol, vitamins

Front 33

electrolytes

1. define

2. examples

Back 33

1. cations and anions that help to maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH

2. Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, P, Sulfate, Bicarbonate

Front 34

repiratory gases

Back 34

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 35

Oxygen in blood plasma

Back 35

most are bounded to hemoglobin inside of erythrocytes

Front 36

carbon dioxide in blood plasma

Back 36

bound to hemoglobin in erythrocytes and a bicarbonate ion in dissolved plasma

Front 37

Formed elements in blood

Back 37

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

Front 38

Do erythrocytes have organelles?

Back 38

no, they are anucleate

Front 39

Why are are erythrocytes anucleate?

Back 39

to create a biconcave shape to increase surface area and oxygen binding

Front 40

spectrin

Back 40

supports the shape of erythrocytes and gives it flexibility

Front 41

size of erythrocytes

Back 41

7.5um x 2.0 um

Front 42

what are erythrocytes made of?

Back 42

97% hemoglobin

Front 43

how do erythrocytes function

Back 43

by anaerobic respiration

Front 44

amount of erythrocytes in each

1. female

2. male

3. adults

Back 44

1. 5.1-5.8 M/mm3

2. 4.3-5.2 M/mm3

3. 2.5 trillion per adult

Front 45

functions of erythrocytes

Back 45

1. 20% CO2 transport

2. oxygen gas transport

3. other gas transport

Front 46

hemoglobin

Back 46

made of the protein globulin surrounded by an iron bound heme ground transports oxygen in the blood

Front 47

hemoglobin in each

1. males

2. females

Back 47

1. 14 gm/ 100 ml

2. 16 gm/ 100 ml

Front 48

difference between each

1. oxyhemoglobin

2. deoxyhemoglobin

3. carbaminohemoglobin

Back 48

1. loaded with O2

2. unloaded with out O2

3. has CO2

Front 49

other gases in erythrocytes

Back 49

Nitric Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO2)

Front 50

Nitric oxide in erythrocytes

Back 50

a local hormone that controls vasodilation

Front 51

Carbon Monoxide in erythrocytes

Back 51

permanently binds O2 to receptors

Front 52

hematopoiesis/ erythropoiesis

Back 52

the formation of red blood cells

Front 53

succession of hematopoiesis

Back 53

hemocytoblasts >proerythroblast (early and late stage)> normoblast>reticulocyte>erythrocyte

Front 54

hemocytoblasts

Back 54

blood stem cells in the blood sinusoids in of red bone marrow

*does about 1 oz of blood a day=100 RBS'c

Front 55

Proerythroblast (early)

Back 55

hormones and groeth factors transform the hemocytoblasts and they begin synthesizing ribosomes

Front 56

Proerythroblast (late)

Back 56

they begin synthesizing hemoglobin

Front 57

Normoblast

Back 57

cell has 34% hemoglobin and ejects out organelles

Front 58

reticulocyte

Back 58

has some ribosomes left and some will enters the blood (about 1-2%) and the rest will eject the remaining ribosomes

Front 59

erthyrocyte

Back 59

develops when reticulocytes eject remaining ribosomes and mature

Front 60

2 hormones regulated by erythrocytes

Back 60

erythropoietin (EPO) and testosterone

Front 61

erythropoietin

1. produced where

2. when is it produced

3. function

4. examples of what causes it to be released

Back 61

1. kidney

2. when there is hypoxia

3. stimulates stem cells to mature faster to increase blood cells

4. hemorrhage, increased O2 demand, reduced O2 availability, pneumonia

Front 62

what dietary requirements do erythrocytes have?

Back 62

1. Iron

2. B complex (B12 and folic acid)

3. amino acids/ protein

Front 63

define transferrin

Back 63

protein in the blood that binds to iron and transports it around the body

Front 64

what is iron stored as in the body?

Back 64

ferritin and hemosiderin

Front 65

how long do erythrocytes last?

Back 65

100-120 days

Front 66

why do erythrocytes have a limited life span?

Back 66

their lack of organelles

Front 67

what happens to old RBCs

Back 67

they are fragmented in the spleen, are engulfed by macrophages, and its components are recycled

Front 68

recycled parts of old red blood cells

Back 68

heme and globin

Front 69

heme

Back 69

iron containing compound that forms the non protein part of hemoglobin

Front 70

Where is iron stored when it becomes ferritin or hemosiderin

Back 70

the liver

Front 71

bilirubin

1. what is it

2. function

Back 71

1.the yellow pigment that the heme degrades to in the liver

2. binds to globuline and is stored in the liver until it is used in bile

Front 72

urobilinogen

Back 72

what bilirubin metabolized into and is eliminated in the feces

Front 73

stercobilin

Back 73

brown pigment in feces

Front 74

succession of iron (I Talk Fast But Got Us Snickers)

Back 74

1. Iron

2. Transferrin

3. Ferritin or Hemosiderin

4. Bilirubin

5.Globulin

6. Urobilinogen

7. Stercobilin

Front 75

globin

Back 75

after it is taken apart from an old Red blood cell, it is catabolized into amino acids and absorbed

Front 76

Anemia

Back 76

reduced O2 levels causing weakness, shortness of breath, and paleness, and is a symptom/ addition to another illness

Front 77

Reduced RBC anemias

Back 77

1. hemorrhagic

2. hemolytic

3. aplastic

Front 78

hemorrhagic

Back 78

bleeding or abnormal blood flow that can be chronic or acute

Front 79

hemolytic

Back 79

the rupture or destruction of blood cells that can be caused by hemoglobin abnormalities, viruses, bacteria, or a transfusion reaction

Front 80

aplastic

Back 80

the inhibition of red bone marrow to make new RBCs that can be caused by bacterial infection or radiation and can be accompanied by clotting disorders

Front 81

Reduced hemoglobin disorders

Back 81

microcytic and pernicious

Front 82

microcytic

Back 82

an iron deficiency having small red blood cells (microcytes)

Front 83

Pernicious

Back 83

caused by a B12 deficiency having large red blood cells (macrocytes) and may be associated with absorption

Front 84

Abnormal hemoglobin disorders

Back 84

thallasemias and sickle cell

Front 85

thallasemias

Back 85

a missing global chain caused by genetics and mostly seen in the Mediterranean and has no treatment

Front 86

sickle cell

1.caused by what

2. what is it

3. what does it cause

4. inheritance type

5. treatments

6. benfit

Back 86

1. a base substitution mutation (genetic)

2. deformed RBC shape

3. reduced O2, clotting, pain, strokes

4. pleiotrophic

5. blood transfusion or hydroxyurea

6. immunity for malaria

Front 87

hydroxyurea

Back 87

switches fetal HbF back on

Front 88

Define polycemia

Back 88

increased amount of RBCs

Front 89

polycemia vera

Back 89

a bone marrow cancer where the blood makes too many RBC, increases the hematocrit to 80%, increased viscosity, dizziness

Front 90

treatment of polycemia vera

Back 90

blood dilution

Front 91

Are leukocytes empty cells like erythrocytes?

Back 91

no they're complete cells

Front 92

leukocyte blood volume

Back 92

1%

Front 93

What is diapedesis

Back 93

the migration of leukocytes from capillary or blood vessel opening to interstitial tissues by amoeboid movements

Front 94

chemotaxis

Back 94

when WBCs migrate to areas because of chemicals released by damaged tissue or other cells (usually to fight bacterial infection)

Front 95

leukocytosis

Back 95

an increase in WBCs due to infection (higher than 11k)

Front 96

What are the 2 types of WBCs

Back 96

granulocytes and a granulocytes

Front 97

what types of cells do granulocytes include?

Back 97

1. neutrophils

2. eosinophils

3. basophils

Front 98

neutrophils

Back 98

contain anitbiotic like proteins (enzymes, perioxidases, and defensins) that go to inflammed areas to kill bacterial or fungal infections through phagocytosis and can live from 6 hours- a few days

Front 99

eosinophils

Back 99

bilobed WBCs that contain digestive enzymesto attack parasites and phagocytize antigens lasting about 8-12 days

Front 100

how to eosinophils phagocytize antigens

Back 100

they form antibody complexes caused to an allergic reaction

Front 101

basophils

Back 101

have a U shaped, lobed nucleus and contain vasodilator histamine that last for a few hours to days

Front 102

types of agranulocytes

Back 102

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 103

lymphocytes

Back 103

have large, round nucleuses, found mostly in lymphatic tissues, have 2 types (T and B) and last from hours-years

Front 104

T lymphocytes

Back 104

immune reaction to viral and cancer cells

Front 105

B lymphocytes

Back 105

immune reaction that gives rise to plasma cells that produces antibodies

Front 106

monocytes

Back 106

macrophages that live for months

Front 107

Leukopoesis

Back 107

formation of WBCs hormonally stimulated by cytokines (interleukins and colony stimulating factors) because of an immune response

Front 108

treatment used with hematopoietic factors

Back 108

Erythropoietin and colony stimulating factors are used in stimulating new cell production in cancer and AIDS patients

Front 109

luekopoietic factors

Back 109

stimulate the division and differentiation of hemocytoblast into the stem lines lymphoid or myeloid

Front 110

Lymphoid

Back 110

stem cell that differentiates into the lymphocyte

Front 111

myeloid

Back 111

stem cell that differentiates into 2 different stem cell lines: monoblast and myelocytes

Front 112

monoblasts

Back 112

stem cells that mature into monocytes

Front 113

myelocytes

Back 113

stem cells that mature int neutrophils, eosinophils, or basophils

Front 114

leukopenia

Back 114

reduction of WBCs associated with glucocorticoids and anticancer

Front 115

leukemias

Back 115

cancerous WBCs accumulating in bone marrow that deliver immature white blood cells into the blood while pushing out other lines causing arenas, hemorrhage, and reduced immunity

Front 116

myelocytic leukemia

Back 116

affects myelocytes and is slow and chronic

Front 117

lymphocytic leukemia

Back 117

affects lymphocytes and is fast and acute

Front 118

mononucleosis

Back 118

associated and caused by the EBV virus characterized by a fatigue, sick, and feverish feeling

Front 119

what are platelets made of

Back 119

fragments of megakaryocytes

Front 120

function of platelets

Back 120

contains granules for clotting, serotonin, calcium,enzymes, and platelet derived growth factors

Front 121

formation of platelets

Back 121

thrombopoietin simulates hemocytoblasts to become myeloids then megakaryocytes then platelets

Front 122

megakaryocytes

Back 122

sends cytoplasmic extensions through sinusoids of the marrow which break off as platelets in blood circulation

Front 123

function in blood vessels

Back 123

adheres to breaks or ruptures in the walls

Front 124

lifespan of platelets

Back 124

10 days

Front 125

hemostasis

Back 125

the process of halting and sealing a broken blood vessel wall stimulated by chemical signals sent by the ruptured cells of the wall

Front 126

hemorrhage

Back 126

any instance where RBCs migrate outside the confines of the vascular tree

Front 127

steps in hemostasis repair

Back 127

1. vascular spasm

2. platelet plug formation

Front 128

vascular spasm

Back 128

vascorestriction occurs to reduce blood flow and in smooth muscle trauma chemicals are released by ruptured cells and pain reflexes to reduce further damage

Front 129

platelet plug formation

Back 129

seals the opening and prepares it for clotting

Front 130

spicules

Back 130

formed when platelets swell in an injured area and will adhere to exposed collagen fibers in the place of injury

Front 131

Thromboxane A2

Back 131

prostaglandin released by the platelets to stimulate the release of serotonin and ADP

Front 132

function of serotonin in clotting

Back 132

enhances vascorestriction

Front 133

function of ADP in clotting

Back 133

attracts more platelets to do likewise to form a plug with in minutes on the wound

Front 134

prostacyclin

Back 134

produced by endothelial cells and prevents platelet aggregation in non affected areas

Front 135

Coagulation

Back 135

process of transforming plasma into a gel

Front 136

vitamin k

Back 136

used by the liver to make procoagulants/ clotting factors

Front 137

phases of coagulation

Back 137

1. prothrombin activation

2. thrombin

3. fibrin

Front 138

prothrombin activation step

Back 138

uses phospholipid PF3 to produce the prothrombin activator in 2 pathways: intrinsic and extrinsic

Front 139

intrinsic pathway

Back 139

slow, involved process taking place in the blood

Front 140

extrinsic pathway

Back 140

faster process occurring in interstitial spaces

Front 141

thromboplastin

Back 141

tissue that accelerates the extrinsic pathway by allowing it to bypass many steps in the process

Front 142

thrombin step

Back 142

enzyme coming from the plasma protein prothrombin activated by the prothrombin activator

Front 143

fibrin step

Back 143

thrombin activates the polymerization of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin strands making a lattice like structure which traps formed elements and makes the plasma gel like

Front 144

calcium

Back 144

allows thrombin to activate fibrin stabilizing factor XIII

Front 145

clot retraction

Back 145

platelets in the clot retract using actin and myosin by squeezing out serum and pulling the edges of the opening together

Front 146

Platelet derived growth factor

Back 146

stimulates smooth muscle and fibroblast division forming a patch made of CT which will be replaced by new endothelium growth

Front 147

fibrinolysis

Back 147

the clot/patch removed and replaced by natural tissue

Front 148

tissue plasminogen activator

Back 148

secreted by endothelial cells to stimulate the activation of plasminogen (plasma protein) into plasmin

Front 149

plasmin

Back 149

enzyme that will digest a fibrin clot

Front 150

Blood clot limiting factors

Back 150

prevent unwanted blood clotting and controls the size of clots including vasospasm, antithrombin III, protein c, heparin, and vitamin e quinone

Front 151

vasospasm

Back 151

with out it, blood flows too quickly past uninvolved areas for clotting to begin

Front 152

antithrobin III

Back 152

inactivates free thrombin preventing unwanted clot formation

Front 153

protein c

Back 153

inhibits the intrinsic pro coagulates

Front 154

heparin

Back 154

enhances antithrombin III

Front 155

vitamin e quinone

Back 155

naturally occurring coagulate

Front 156

thromboembolytic

Back 156

unwarranted clotting that persists in a closed blood vessel making blockages that can cause ischemia and tissue death

Front 157

thrombus

Back 157

a clot that persists in a closed blood vessel

Front 158

ischemia and infarct

Back 158

lack of blood supply to a tissue and tissue death

Front 159

embolus

Back 159

a thrombus that breaks free and migrates

Front 160

what are some other factors that can cause blood stasis which facilitates blood clotting

Back 160

inflammation and arteriosclerosis

Front 161

treatments for thromboembolytic

Back 161

aspirin, heparin, coumadin, warfarin, and bioflavinoids

Front 162

how does aspirin help blood clotting

Back 162

it is an anti-prostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2

Front 163

Thrombocytopenia

Back 163

when there is a reduced amount of blood platelets usually caused from bone marrow cancer, radiation, and chemo

Front 164

liver disease

Back 164

when the liver has no bile, fat digestion, vitamin k absorption, and there are no clotting factors

Front 165

hemophilias

Back 165

sex linked genetic disorder that lacks the anti hemolytic factor and can be treated with transfusion and clotting factors

Front 166

transfusion

1. when is it required

2. what can it cause

Back 166

1. when blood loss exceeds 30%

2. transfusion reactions

Front 167

transfusion reactions

1. what happens to RBCs

2. what does it cause

3. what happens to hemoglobin

4. treatments

Back 167

1. they agglutinate (clump together) and lyse

2. reduced O2, clotting, ischemia, fever, nausea, vomiting

3. it is released and accumulatesin the kidney tubules causes renal shutdown and death

4. with alkaline fluids to dissolve hemoglobin with diuretics

Front 168

stored blood

1. mixed with what

2. why is it mixed with those

3. temperature and amount of days

4. what is heparin

5. autologous sotrage

Back 168

1. citrate and oxalate salts to combine with Ca

2. to inhibit clotting

3. 4C for up to 35 days

4. added during transfusions

5. used during elective surgeries

Front 169

genetic factors of blood

Back 169

multiple alleles and codominance create 4 types of blood

Front 170

A type

1.what antigen

2. what antibodies

3. can receive what type of blood?

Back 170

1. A antigen

2. anti B antibodies

3. type A and O

Front 171

B type

1.what antigen

2. what antibodies

3. can receive what type of blood?

Back 171

1. B antigen

2. Anti A antibodies

3. type B and O

Front 172

AB type

1.what antigen

2. what antibodies

3. can receive what type of blood?

Back 172

1. A and B antigen

2. no antibodies

3. all types

Front 173

O type

1.what antigen

2. what antibodies

3. can receive what type of blood?

Back 173

1. no antigens

2. anti A and anti B antigens

3. O type

Front 174

Rh factor

Back 174

a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells that may or not be present in people

Front 175

steps of coming in contact with someone who is Rh- when you're Rh+

Back 175

1. makes immune system create anti Rh antibodies

2. creates angulation reaction

Front 176

pregnancy with Rh

1. dangerous when?

2. what causes the sensitizing

3. what happens

Back 176

1. to second child of Rh- woman bearing Rh+ kids

2. combining of fetal blood and mothers blood

3. mother's immune system will make Rh- antibodies which will go into fetal circulation causing erythroblastosis fetalis

Front 177

treatment for he Rh factor problem in pregnancies

Back 177

using RhoGAM which agglutinates Rh factors and insist immune sensitization given prior to birthing

Front 178

treatment for infants with erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 178

blood transfusions

Front 179

What is a CBC

Back 179

complete blood count blood test that counts RBC, WBC, and platelets

Front 180

RBCs

Back 180

blood tests that assist in diagnosing types of anemia

Front 181

types of RBCs

Back 181

hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb, mean corpuscular Hb concentration

Front 182

what does a hematocrit test

Back 182

the % of RBCs in blood volume

Front 183

prothrombin time

Back 183

test to see how long it takes for blood to clot