A&p Ii Test 2

Front 1

What are the four basic ways the immune system has to destroy or remove a foreign invader

Back 1

1. Phagocytosis

2. Lysis of invaders membrane

3. Inactivation of invader

4. Clumping or agglutination of cells

Front 2

What is It called when the body goes to far in trying to protect the body

Back 2

Anaphylaxis

Front 3

What kind of disease is anaphylaxis classified as?

Back 3

An immune mediated disease

Front 4

What 6 things are included in non-specific immunity

Back 4

1. Skin and mucous membranes

2. Inflammation

3. Phagocytosis

4. NK cells

5. Interferon

6. Complement

Front 5

What is inflammation for

Back 5

To draw phagocytes to an area

Front 6

What are natural killer cells

Back 6

Lymphocytes that don't need a specific antigen to react to a foreign cell. They must come in direct contact to work

Front 7

What is interferon

Back 7

A protein produced by an infected cell. It prevents development and spread of the virus

Front 8

What is complement

Back 8

A group of inactive enzymes that can become active to rupture the cell membrane of an invader

Front 9

What is non-specific immunity

Back 9

A rapid, immediate response that does not react to specific antigens

Front 10

What is specific immunity

Back 10

The body recognizes a foreign invader by the antigen present on its cell membrane

Front 11

What at the two primary types of specific immunity?

Back 11

Cell-mediated and humoral immunity

Front 12

What do both types of specific immunity create that allows them to remember an antigen

Back 12

Memory cells

Front 13

What is cell mediated immunity

Back 13

Immune response carried out by t-Lymphocytes and a few other cells

Front 14

Where do t lymphocytes develop

Back 14

In the thymus

Front 15

After development of t lymphocyte is complete where does it migrate

Back 15

To lymph nodes and the spleen via blood

Front 16

During cell mediated immunity, happens to foreign cells (5)

Back 16

1. It is enveloped by a macrophage

2. The macrophage has the antigen of that cell on its outer membrane

3. A t cell attached and makes clones of itself

4. The clones travel to the original site of penetration to ward off other cells trying to enter

5. The clones develop into cytotoxic t cells, helper t cells, and suppressor t cells

Front 17

What are cytotoxic t cells

Back 17

Killer cells. They destroy by lysing foreign cells

Front 18

What at helper t cells

Back 18

Secrete various types of cytokines to affected tissue

Front 19

What do cytokines do

Back 19

Draw other lymphocytes and macrophages to an area

Front 20

What are suppressor t cells

Back 20

Suppress the function of other lymphocytes to keep the immune response in check

Front 21

What is humoral immunity

Back 21

Immunity carried out by B lymphocytes

Front 22

Where are B lymphocytes processed

Back 22

In the bone marrow or GALT

Front 23

What activates B cells

Back 23

When it attaches to an antigen it becomes activated

Front 24

What are five steps of humoral immunity

Back 24

1. B cell attaches to an antigen and replicates itself many times

2. These clones turn into plasma cells and produce the antibody contained by the original B cell

3. These antibodies secrete directly into plasma, attach to the specific antigen and destroy in 1 of three ways

Front 25

What are the three ways an antibody can destroy an antigen during humoral immunity

Back 25

1. Harmful antigens is transformed into harmless substance

2. Antigens are agglutinated and consumed by macrophages

3. Antibody activates the complement system to allow plasma protein enzymes to rupture the cells

Front 26

What are antobodies also known as

Back 26

Immunoglobulins

Front 27

What are the five types of amtobodies

Back 27

1. IgG

2. IgM

3. IgA

4. IgE

5. IgD

Front 28

What is IgG

Back 28

Antibody made after the first exposure to an antigen. First antibody produced by newborns

Front 29

What is IgM

Back 29

Produced when an animals is first exposed or for the second time. It develops rapidly

Front 30

What is IgA

Back 30

Can leave blood and enter tissues. Critical to mucosal areas

Front 31

What is IgE

Back 31

Associated with allergic response

Front 32

What is IgD

Back 32

No known function

Front 33

What is passive immunity

Back 33

Obtained from a mothers colostrum. Colostrum is loaded with antibodies. Has No memory cells

Front 34

What Is active immunity

Back 34

Involves being exposed to an antigen and then producing antibodies and memory cells.

Front 35

What is the main function of the respiratory system

Back 35

To exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen

Front 36

What are the two types of respiration

Back 36

External and internal

Front 37

Where does external respiration take place and what does it do

Back 37

In the lungs. Responsible for gas exchange with blood

Front 38

Where does internal respiration take place and what does it do

Back 38

The capillaries and tissues. Exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide

Front 39

Aside from respiration. What are four things the respiratory system does

Back 39

1. Produces vocalizations

2. Regulates body temp

3. Regulates acid-base balance

4. Assists in smell

Front 40

What's another name for voice production

Back 40

Phonation

Front 41

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of

Back 41

The nose,pharynx,larynx, and trachea

Front 42

What are nasal turbines

Back 42

Thin fragile bone covered in nasal epithelium that help trap debris

Front 43

What performing nasogastric intubation, where is the tube introduced

Back 43

Into the ventral meatus and then into the stomach

Front 44

What epithelium covers the nasal passages

Back 44

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar and many goblet cells

Front 45

What are the three functions of the nasal passages

Back 45

To warm, humidify, and filter air as it comes in

Front 46

How is air warmed by the nasal passages

Back 46

It's warmed as It passes over blood vessels

Front 47

What is air traveling through the nasal passages humidified by

Back 47

Mucus

Front 48

What are paranasal sinuses

Back 48

Extensions of the nasal passage

Front 49

Most animals have two sinuses on each side of their skull. What are these called

Back 49

The maxillary and frontal

Front 50

What are guttural pouches and where are they located

Back 50

Dilation of an equines eustichian tubes. Located above the pharynx and larynx

Front 51

What is the purpose of guttural pouches

Back 51

Lower blood temp as it trAvels to the brain

Front 52

What runs superficially under the guttural pouches

Back 52

Cranial nerves and internal and externAl carotid arteries

Front 53

What is the pharynx

Back 53

The common passageway for the respiratory and digestive tracts

Front 54

At the rostral portion of the pharynx, the soft palate divides it into what

Back 54

The dorsal nasopharynx and the ventral nasopharynx

Front 55

What is the larynx

Back 55

A short, irregular tube that connects the pharynx with the trachea