A&p Ii: Pregnancy & Heredity

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4 ways sperm is blocked from oocyte

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Leakage from the vagina
Blockage by cervical mucus
Acidic environment of the vagina
Destruction by vaginal phagocytes

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enhances motility and causes sperm membranes to become fragile so the acrosomal enzymes can be released – this must happen before sperm can enter oocyte
(“agreement” between egg and sperm)

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Capacitated

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period of rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth of the cells.Makes many cells that will be used to construct the embryo.

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Cleavage

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fluid-filled hollow sphere within the forming embryo (cell mass)

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Blastocyst

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cells that function in placenta formation and immunosuppression

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Trophoblast

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forms embryo proper

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Inner cell mass

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occurs when the trophoblast attaches to the uterus and erodes some of the endometrium. The blastocyst burrows into the endometrium and is covered over and sealed off by endometrial cell proliferation. Takes about 5 days.

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Implantation

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maintains the corpus luteum blockade of further ovarian cycles

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hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

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an extraembryonic membrane, separates maternal/fetal blood, along with endothelium of embryonic capillaries

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chorion

Front 10

a temporary organ that originates from embryonic tissue and endometrial tissue; functions as a nutritive, respiratory, excretory, and endocrine organ for the embryo/fetus

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placentation

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preparation for lactation, also glucose-sparing

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human placental lactogen

Front 12

similar to TSH, increases mother’s metabolic rate

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human chorionic thyrotropin

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relaxes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to ease birth passage

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relaxin

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conversion into gastrula (gut), characterized by formation of 3 primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) and extraembryonic membranes

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Gastrulation

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encloses amniotic fluid, which protects fetus, maintains temp., allows for freedom of movement

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Amnion

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forms part of the gut, source of earliest blood cells and vessels

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Yolk sac

Front 17

base for umbilical cord that links embryo to placenta, eventually becomes part of urinary bladder

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Allantois

Front 18

outermost membrane, encloses everything else

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Chorion

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all adult organ systems are recognizable by the end of embryonic period (8 wks) ; embryo is now slightly less than an inch long.

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Organogenesis

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forms structures of nervous system and epidermis

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Ectoderm

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forms epithelial linings of digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems and associated glands

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Endoderm

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forms everything else, able to migrate

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Mesoderm

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intervertebral discs

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Notochord

Front 24

segments of mesoderm; each subdivided to form vertebrae and ribs , dermis of dorsal body regions, and trunk and limb muscles

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Somites

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– kidneys and gonads

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Intermediate mesoderm

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dermis of ventral body regions, bones, joints, ligaments, wall of digestive and resp tract (not lining); serous membranes; circulatory system

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Lateral plate mesoderm

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receives blood from umbilical veins returning from placenta and empties into IVC (mostly bypassing liver)

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Ductus venosus

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b/t right and left atrium allowing some blood to bypass pulmonary circuit

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Foramen ovale

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receives blood from R.V., transfers most of it to aorta, bypassing pulm. circuit

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Ductus arteriosus

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Cells are differentiating into specific cell types to form the body's distinctive tissues and completing the fine details of body structure.

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First two months of Fetal Development

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Blood cell fromation begins in bone marrow, ossification accelerating, and gender can be detected.

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3 months

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general sensory organs differentiate, most bones are distinct, and joint cavities are apparent.

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4 months

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the body assumes the fetal position due to space restrictions, limbs reach near-final proportions, and the mother feels spontaneous muscular activity.

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5 months

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Myelination of spinal cord begins, eyes are open, and bone marrow becomes sole site of blood cell formation.

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6-7 Months

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Fat is laid down in subcutaneous tissue.

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8-9 months

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each pair of homologous chromosomes join during meiosis I; line up randomly, resulting in random distribution of maternal/paternal chromosomes

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Tetrad

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homologous chromosomes are joined during meiosis I, chromosomes can break and precisely exchange gene segments with homologous counterparts – leads to mixed contributions from each parent

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Crossover

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produced gametes with all variations possible from ind. asst. and random crossovers; further compounded by fertilization: a single egg fert. By single sperm in random fashion

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Gametogenesis

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Always expressed if present, whether homozygous dominant or heterozygous

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Dominant allele

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Expressed only if present in homozygous condition.

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Recessive allele

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Disorders caused by dominant genes are because lethal dominant genes are almost always expressed and result in death of offspring

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Uncommon

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(Dominant) – fatal nervous system disease manifests around age 40

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Huntington’s Disease

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(recessive) – excessive mucus production, impaired lung and pancreas function

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Cystic fibrosis

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Recessive - Disorder of brain lipid metabolism.

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Tay Sachs

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(intermediate dominance) abnormal hemoglobin (substitution of one amino acid for another in hemoglobin), causing erythrocytes to assume a sickle shape and clog capillaries, causing intense pain

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Sickle cell

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caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a bacterium that is spread by contact with genital, anal, and pharyngeal mucosal surfaces; causes urethritis in males; females may experience abdominal discomfort, vaginal discharge, and abnormal uterin bleeding.

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Gonorrhea

Front 47

caused by Treponema pallidum, a bacterium that is transmitted sexually or congenitally; in the promary phase a sore appears at site of infection; secondary phase is characterized by pink skin rash, fever, and joint pain; latent perid follows; tertiary phase characterized by gummas, destructive lesions of CNS, bones, and skin.

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Syphilis

Front 48

caused by human papillomavirus; linked to cervical cancer

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Genital Warts

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caused by human herpes virus type 2; may remain silent for weeks or years and the flare up with blisterlike lesions; transmission of virus by infectious secretions or direct skin to skin contact.

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Genital Herpes