A&p Ii - Lecture - Week Of 2/21

Front 1

Two functions of the kidney:

Back 1

1) regulate volume and composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) and 2) excrete waste products from the body.

Front 2

Organs of the urinary tract –

Back 2

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Front 3

Kidneys:

Back 3

form urine constantly (drip, drip, drip)

Front 4

Ureters:

Back 4

carry urine to bladder

Front 5

Renal helium –

Back 5

the area of the kidney were blood vessels, nerves, and a ureters connect.

Front 6

Micturition –

Back 6

urination

Front 7

Urination occurs when the _________ muscle contracts

Back 7

detrusor

Front 8

Internal urethral sphincter –

Back 8

involuntary muscle

Front 9

External urethral sphincter –

Back 9

voluntary muscle

Front 10

Urinary bladder:

Back 10

stores up to 500mL (after which we cannot “hold” it any longer); generally first feel the urge once 200mL has been stored up.

Front 11

Urethra:

Back 11

carries urine out of the body

Front 12

Purpose of kidneys:

Back 12

to filter blood. All of it is filtered through multiple times an hour. About 180 liters of fluid a day.

Front 13

Minor calyces -> 2-3 major calyces ->

Back 13

renal pelvis

Front 14

Renal lobe –

Back 14

8-15 per kidney. Consists of renal pyramid, renal columns, and the adjacent cortex

Front 15

The functional unit of the kidney:

Back 15

nephron

Front 16

NEPHRON:

Back 16

One functional unit of a kidney. Includes the renal corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the loop of Henle, the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and the collecting duct.

Front 17

Renal corpuscle –

Back 17

Glomerus and bowman’s capsule

Front 18

Bowman’s capsule –

Back 18

receives filterate

Front 19

Kidney Cortex -

Back 19

glomerulus, proximal tubule and distal tubule. Where most re-absorption and secretion occurs

Front 20

Initial filtering –

Back 20

glomerulus

Front 21

Arterioles on nephrons at the corticomedullary junction –

Back 21

enter a second capillary network, loop of henle

Front 22

Two parts of the nephron:

Back 22

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Front 23

Three part of the renal tubule:

Back 23

1) Proximal convoluted tubule, 2) nephron loop, and 3) distal convoluted tubule

Front 24

Cells lining the thick segments of the loop of henle –

Back 24

simple Cuboidal

Front 25

Cells lining the thin segments of the loop of henle –

Back 25

simple squamous

Front 26

Kidney Medulla -

Back 26

the loop of Henle and collecting ducts

Front 27

Kidney blood supply - Aorta → renal artery →

Back 27

segmental arteries → interlobar arteries → arcuate arteries → cortical radiate arteries → afferent arterioles (microscopic) → glomerulus (capillary bed) → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries (cortical nephron) and vasa recta (juxtamedullary nephron) → venules and veins converge until reaching the renal vein

Front 28

From collecting ducts to papillary ducts to minor calyx(es) which drain into…

Back 28

renal pelvis ->ureters ->bladder ->urethra

Front 29

peritubular capillaries -

Back 29

cortical nephron

Front 30

vasa recta -

Back 30

juxtamedullary nephron

Front 31

percent of water re-absorbed from proximal convoluted tubule –

Back 31

65%

Front 32

Percent of water re-absorbed from descending loop of henle –

Back 32

15%

Front 33

Percent of water re-absorbed from distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts –

Back 33

19%

Front 34

All blood is pumped through the kidneys every ______ minutes

Back 34

four

Front 35

The kidney’s ability to concentrate urine depends on:

Back 35

1)Maintaining a high concentration of solutes and 2) presence of Antidiuretic hormone (makes collecting ducts more permeable.

Front 36

The glomerular capillaries are________, i.e. extra leaky.

Back 36

Fenestrated

Front 37

Not filtered out of the blood:

Back 37

red blood cells and proteins.

Front 38

Site of urine formation –

Back 38

nephron

Front 39

Three processes of urine formation –

Back 39

1)Glomerular filtration, 2) tubular reabsorption, and 3) tubular secretion.

Front 40

Tubular re-absorption –

Back 40

when useful substances are put back into the blood stream

Front 41

Filtered out:

Back 41

salts, glucose, amino acids and water

Front 42

Podocytes –

Back 42

octopus-like cells that do the actual filtering

Front 43

Glomerular capillary blood pressure -

Back 43

~60 mmHg (normal is 35 mmHg)

Front 44

________ arteriole is more dilated than the _______ one

Back 44

afferent…efferent

Front 45

Acute renal failure –

Back 45

when pressure in the capillary bed drops so much that filtration ceases.

Front 46

Nephrons form urine by three processes –

Back 46

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

Front 47

Glomerular filtration rate –

Back 47

150 mL/min (or 180 L/day)

Front 48

Average urine produced -

Back 48

1 mL/minute (1.5 L/day)

Front 49

Reabsorption –

Back 49

Passage of a substance from the lumen of the tubules through the tubule cells and into the capillaries. This process can involve passive or active transport.

Front 50

SECRETION -

Back 50

Secretion is the passage of a substance from the capillaries through the tubular cells into the lumen of the tubule.

Front 51

Function of Glomerulus –

Back 51

Selective filtration

Front 52

Function of Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) -

Back 52

Reabsorption of 80% of electrolytes and water; reabsorption of all glucose and amino acids; reabsorption of HCO3-; secretion of H+ and creatinine

Front 53

Function of Loop of Henle -

Back 53

reabsorption of water in descending loop; Reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in ascending limb; concentration of filtrate

Front 54

Function of Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) -

Back 54

Secretion of K+, H+, ammonia; reabsorption of water (regulated by ADH); reabsorption of HCO3-; regulation of Ca2+ and PO42- by parathyroid hormone, reabsorption of Na+ (regulated by aldosterone)

Front 55

Function of Collecting duct -

Back 55

Reabsorption of water (ADH required)

Front 56

Loop of Henle: Descending limb is ________ to water, ascending limb is _________ to water

Back 56

permeable…impermeable

Front 57

Water is reabsorbed in ________ limb (concentrates urine)

Back 57

descending

Front 58

Salt is actively reabsorbed in the _______ limb (establishes ability to concentrate even further)

Back 58

ascending

Front 59

Efferent –

Back 59

going away from bowman’s capsule

Front 60

Afferent –

Back 60

going towards bowman’s capsule

Front 61

Distal convoluted tubule reabsorbs even more salt (under the influence of__________, a hormone released from the adrenal cortex.

Back 61

Aldosterone

Front 62

The ______ ________ reabsorbs water (under the influence of antidiuretic hormone, released from the posterior pituitary gland)

Back 62

collecting duct

Front 63

Renal Clearance:

Back 63

The amount of a substance that “clears” the kidneys (ie. Shows up in the urine) once it enters the tubules

Front 64

A good measure of kidney function –

Back 64

creatinine clearance

Front 65

Pyramid is filled with ________

Back 65

collecting ducts

Front 66

5 parts of a nephron –

Back 66

1) Renal corpuscle, 2) Proximal convoluted tubule, 3) Loop of Henle, 4) Distal convoluted tubule. 5) Collecting duct

Front 67

Glomerulus –

Back 67

a capillary bed that looks like a knot. Used for filtration.
Unfiltered fluid, blood cells, and plasma proteins leave via the efferent arteriole. Filtered fluid enters tubules and about 1% of it ends up as urine and 99% of it is reabsorbed into preitubular capillarie

Front 68

Purpose of peritubular capillaries:

Back 68

reabsorption and secretion (ooops, should have gotten rid of that)

Front 69

Reabsorption –

Back 69

tubule -> capillary

Front 70

Filtration and secretion –

Back 70

capillaries -> tubule