A&p Ii - Lecture Exam 1

Front 1

True or false: acetylcholine binding to nicotine cholinergic receptors always excites the postsynaptic cell.

Back 1

True.

Front 2

Dual intervention of organs by the ANS refers to the observation that __________

Back 2

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate most organs.

Front 3

Erection of the penis or clitoris __________

Back 3

Is primarily under parasympathetic control.

Front 4

Sympathetic division stimulation causes __________

Back 4

Increased blood glucose, decreased GI peristalsis, and increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Front 5

Sympathetic division fibers leave the spinal cord in the __________

Back 5

Thoracolumbar region, and the postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine.

Front 6

The "resting and digesting" division of the ANS is the __________

Back 6

Parasympathetic division.

Front 7

The ANS innervates all the following effector organs and tissues except __________

Back 7

Skeletal muscle.

Front 8

True or false: The ANS is also known as the involuntary nervous system.

Back 8

True.

Front 9

The division of the ANS that prepares the body for intense levels of activity and stress is the __________

Back 9

Sympathetic division.

Front 10

The parasympathetic tone __________

Back 10

Determines normal activity of the urinary tract.

Front 11

The somatic nervous system regulates the activity of __________

Back 11

Skeletal muscle.

Front 12

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are subdivisions of the __________

Back 12

Autonomic nervous system.

Front 13

Two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are __________

Back 13

Somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons.

Front 14

What is a uniquely sympathetic function?

Back 14

Regulation of body temperature.

Front 15

What is true for the parasympathetic nervous system but not the sympathetic nervous system?

Back 15

Postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine.

Front 16

What does not have nicotine cholinergic receptors?

Back 16

Effector organs for the parasympathetic nervous system.

Front 17

What is a characteristic of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 17

Decreased heart rate.

Front 18

Which neuron of the efferent branch of the peripheral nervous system does not release acetylcholine?

Back 18

Sympathetic postganglionic neurons.

Front 19

What physiological response is associated with an elevation in parasympathetic nervous system activity?

Back 19

Enhanced absorption of nutrients.

Front 20

What physiological response is associated with elevated sympathetic nervous system activity?

Back 20

Increased contractile force of the heart.

Front 21

After brain surgery, a patient receiving post-operative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics which hormone?

Back 21

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 22

Diabetes insipidus is caused by hyposecretion of which hormone?

Back 22

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 23

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause what?

Back 23

Gigantism

Front 24

Using the figure above, match the following hypothalamic hormone with the pituitary hormone target:

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 24

(C) Testes or Ovaries

Front 25

Using the figure above match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone target:

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Back 25

(E) Adrenal Cortex

Front 26

Using the figure above, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone target:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Back 26

(D) Thyroid

Front 27

Using the figure above, match the following hypothalamic hormones with the pituitary hormone target:

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Back 27

(D) Thyroid

Front 28

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after long bone growth has ended (as an adult) is called __________

Back 28

Acromegaly

Front 29

Most endocrine organs are prodded into action by other hormones; this type of stimulus is called __________

Back 29

Hormonal stimulus

Front 30

One of the Least Complicated of the endocrine Control Systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. What kind of stimulation describes this mechanism?

Back 30

Humoral stimulation

Front 31

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) __________ organ.

Back 31

Endocrine

Front 32

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by __________

Back 32

Secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system.

Front 33

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is __________

Back 33

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Front 34

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________

Back 34

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 35

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is __________

Back 35

Somatotropin

Front 36

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is __________

Back 36

Somatotropin

Front 37

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is __________

Back 37

Prolactin

Front 38

The primary function of ADH is to __________

Back 38

Decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Front 39

Tropic hormones do what?

Back 39

Stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Front 40

When hormones interact such that one does the opposite of the other they are said to be __________

Back 40

Antagonistic

Front 41

What is not an anterior pituitary hormone?

Back 41

Antidiuretic hormone

Front 42

__________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Back 42

Hormones

Front 43

A hormone that helps to regulate the sodium ion content of the body is __________

Back 43

Aldosterone

Front 44

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is __________

Back 44

Cortisol

Front 45

A hormone that promotes gluconeogenesis in the liver is __________

Back 45

Cortisol

Front 46

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes __________

Back 46

Vasodilation

Front 47

Cushing disease results from an excess of ___________

Back 47

Glucocorticoids

Front 48

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting what?

Back 48

Glucagon

Front 49

If a diabetic patient received too much insulin, the low blood sugar could be corrected by injecting what?

Back 49

Glucagon

Front 50

Increased levels of the hormone __________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood.

Back 50

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 51

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs __________

Back 51

Hypothyroidism

Front 52

The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce __________

Back 52

Insulin

Front 53

The condition known as goiter can result from too little __________ in the diet.

Back 53

Iodine

Front 54

The enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of __________

Back 54

Angiotensin

Front 55

True of false: The follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroid hormones while the parafollicular cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Back 55

False

Front 56

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metallic rate and thus impacting body temperature is __________

Back 56

Thyroxine

Front 57

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is __________

Back 57

Insulin

Front 58

The suprarenal medulla produces __________

Back 58

Catecholamines

Front 59

The term used to describe excess production of urine is __________

Back 59

Polyuria

Front 60

The zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex produces __________

Back 60

Glucocorticoids

Front 61

Two little secretion of cortisol and aldosterone causes __________

Back 61

Addison disease

Front 62

When blood glucose levels fall __________

Back 62

Glucagon is released

Front 63

When blood glucose levels fall __________

Back 63

Glucagon is released

Front 64

Which hormone increases production of red blood cells?

Back 64

Erythropoietin

Front 65

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity one would expect that he would __________

Back 65

Be unable to produce viable sperm.

Front 66

A low secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the normal male adult would cause__________

Back 66

Decreased testosterone secretion

Front 67

A male bodybuilder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After three weeks, what would you expect to observe?

Back 67

Decreased levels of GnRH, LH, and FSH, and an increased sex drive.

Front 68

Gametes are called haploid because __________

Back 68

They contain one half the normal number of chromosomes.

Front 69

Gametes are called haploid because __________

Back 69

They contain one half the normal number of chromosomes.

Front 70

Maturing sperm gain their ability to swim while in the __________

Back 70

Epididymis

Front 71

Select the correct statement about testosterone control.

1. Inhibin an testosterone exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary.

2. The pineal gland is believed to be the gland that exerts the most influence in testosterone control.

3. GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH release from the anterior pituitary.

4. FSH stimulates testicular production of testosterone.

Back 71

GnRH from the hypothalamus causes FSH and LH released from the anterior pituitary.

Front 72

Sperm production occurs in the __________

Back 72

Seminiferous tubules

Front 73

Spermiogenesis involves the __________

Back 73

Formation of a functional sperm by the stripping away of Superfluous cytoplasm movement of sperm in the female genital tract.

Front 74

The area of the sperm with densely packed chromosomes is the __________

Back 74

Head

Front 75

The cells that produce testosterone in the testes are called __________

Back 75

Interstitial endocrine cells

Front 76

The correct descending order of the male duct system from inside to outside is __________

Back 76

Epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

Front 77

The small paired glands at the base of the penis that producer lubricating secretion are the ___________

Back 77

Bulbourethral glands

Front 78

The testicular cells that construct the blood-testis barrier are the __________

Back 78

Sustenocytes (sustentacular cells)

Front 79

Thick, clear mucus that cleanses the urethra of acidic urine is produced by the __________

Back 79

Bulbourethral glands

Front 80

Which male hormone inhibits the secretion of FSH?

Back 80

Inhibin

Front 81

Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal-axis?

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Interstitial cells

4. Anterior pituitary gland

Back 81

Thalamus

Front 82

Which of the choices below is not a part of the hypothalamic-pituitary gonadal-axis?

1. Thalamus

2. Hypothalamus

3. Interstitial cells

4. Anterior pituitary gland

Back 82

Thalamus

Front 83

Which of the following glands are responsible for 70% of the synthesis of semen?

1. The seminal vesicles

2. The pituitary

3. The prostate

4. The bulbourethral glands

Back 83

The seminal vesicles

Front 84

Which of the following hormones controls the release of anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

1. GnRH

2. FSH

3. LH

4. Testosterone

Back 84

GnRH

Front 85

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?

1. The secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids.

2. The primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes.

3. The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte.

4. Each spermatid forms two sperm.

Back 85

Each spermatid forms two sperm.

Front 86

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis is not true?

1. The secondary spermatocytes each form two spermatids.

2. The primary spermatocyte forms two secondary spermatocytes.

3. The spermatogonium forms the primary spermatocyte.

4. Each spermatid forms two sperm.

Back 86

Each spermatid forms two sperm.

Front 87

Why is the blood-testis barrier important?

Back 87

Because spermatozoa and developing cells produce surface antigens that are recognized as foreign by the immune system, because some blood contents are toxic to the spermatozoa.

Front 88

During oogenesis, an oogonium directly gives rise to __________

Back 88

A primary oocyte.

Front 89

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, progesterone is __________ estrogen.

1. Greater than

2. Less than

Back 89

Greater than.

Front 90

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, progesterone is __________ estrogen.

1. Greater than

2. Less than

Back 90

Greater than.

Front 91

If the ovaries are removed from an otherwise healthy 20-year-old female, which of the following would you expect to see?

1. Increased blood levels of GnRH.

2. Increased blood levels of FSH.

3. Increased blood levels of LH.

4. Cessation of menstruation.

5. All of these observations.

Back 91

All of these observations.

Front 92

In the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the ovary is __________

Back 92

Maturing a follicle.

Front 93

In the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, the ovary is __________

Back 93

Maturing a follicle.

Front 94

In the late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, LH is __________ FSH.

1. Greater than

2. Less than

Back 94

Greater than

Front 95

In the late follicular phase of the ovarian cycle, LH is __________ FSH.

1. Greater than

2. Less than

Back 95

Greater than

Front 96

True or false: Ovulation occurs at the end of the ovarian cycle.

Back 96

False.

Front 97

True or false: Pain during ovulation is called dysmenorrhea.

Back 97

False.

Front 98

Sally is an avid jogger and she trains incessantly. She has slimmed down so that she is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. You would expect Sally to be __________

Back 98

Amenorrhetic.

Front 99

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that __________

Back 99

In oogenesis, one mature ovum is produced, and in spermatogenesis, four mature sperm are produced from the parent cell.

Front 100

The cervix is __________

Back 100

The neck of the uterus.

Front 101

The cervix is __________

Back 101

The neck of the uterus.

Front 102

The corpus luteum is a special glandular structure of the ovaries that primarily produces __________

Back 102

Progesterone.

Front 103

True or false: The corpus luteum secretes progesterone only.

Back 103

False.

Front 104

The first menstrual period, which usually occurs at approximately age 13, is called __________

Back 104

Menarche.

Front 105

The inner mucosal layer of the uterus that is sloughed off approximately every 28 days is called the __________

Back 105

Endometrium.

Front 106

The journey of the oocyte through the uterine tubes to the uterus following ovulation normally takes __________

Back 106

1 week.

Front 107

The surge in LH that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers __________

Back 107

Ovulation.

Front 108

True or false: When a woman is not pregnant, the endometrial lining of the uterus is sloughed off about every 28 days.

Back 108

True.

Front 109

Which hormone is absolutely necessary for ovulation to occur?

Back 109

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Front 110

Which hormone controls the release of the anterior pituitary gonadotropins?

Back 110

GnRH

Front 111

What occurs during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?

Back 111

The secretory phase.