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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The amount of blood pumped each minute is called _____ _____
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cardiac output
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Cardiac Output is determined by ___ ___ and ___ ___
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Stroke Volume; Heart Rate
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Stoke volume is volume of blood pumped per _____; Heart rate is beats per ______
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stroke; minute
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Average CO:
CO= SV x HR 70 mL/beat x 70 beats/min = 4900 mL/min = ____ L/min |
5 L/min
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5 L/min is CO at rest, but during exercise, CO can reach up to ____ L/min
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40 L/min
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Increases in stroke volume (volume of blood pumped) is mainly determined by how hard the ventricles contract called "_______"
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contractility
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GENERAL SCHEMA OF CO CONTROL (diagram)
-Extrinsic (Nervous/hormonal) signal SNS and PNS to increase/decrease HR, SV, venous return -Intrinsic Controls (Venous return/EDV) increase SV |
more blood in the heart=more that can be pumped out
more venous return = more EDV = more cardiac output |
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Parasympathetic supresses SA node which decreases HR by supressing the ___ node
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SA node
decreases HR (= decrease CO) |
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Sympathetic stimulation causes release of epine./norepi. which binds to Beta 1 receptors to _____ HR by
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increases HR (= increases CO)
this happens b/c: 1. norepi. speeds SA and AV depolorization 2. norepi. speeds Ca2+ entry into atria/ventricle contracetile fibers which increases contractility and increases more blood during systole |
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With a moderate increase in HR, SV doesn't decline b/c increased _______ offsets decreased preload
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contractility
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With a maximum increase in HR, SV is _____ due to a shorter filling time
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decreased
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Instrinsic control involves just the heart itself, no _____ from nerves or hormones
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input
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The heart _____ pumps all the blood returned to it
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normally
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Increased venous return (preload) results in an increased ____
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SV
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With cardiac muscle, as you stretch it by filling the heart more(to a point), the stronger the ________
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contraction
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If there is SNS stimulation, the heart will beat ____ and ____
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stronger and harder
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When contractility reaches it's maximum, all ______ have been met and the Frank Starling curve plateaus out
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crossbridges
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Extrinsic control of CO is controlled by the CV in the ______ _______
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medulla oblongata
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Input comes from higher brain centers: cerebral cortex, limbic system, and the _________
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hypothalamus
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Input also comes from sensory receptors- Proprio monitor _____, Chemo monitor ______, Baro monitor ______
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movements; blood chemistry (CO2, O2); blood pressure
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Input is then sent to CV to decide what to do: ________
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output
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CV center sends ______ impulses through cardiac accelerator nerves
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sympathetic
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Cardiac accelerator nerves cause increased rate of spontanteous depolorization in __ and __ nodes which increases HR
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SA and AV
*increased HR doesn't mean increased SV (shorter fill time) |
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Cardiac accelerator nerves cause increased _____ of atria and ventricles to increase SV
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contractility
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CV center sends ____ impulses through the vagus nerves
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parasympathetic
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Vagus nerves cause decreased rate of spontaneous depolorization in ___ and __ node and decreases HR
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SA and AV
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The majority of the time, we are in _______ mode
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parasympathetic
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AUTONOMIC RECEPTORS OF HEART/BLOOD VESSELS- SNS (Adrenergetic receptors):
The three are ____, ____, and _____ |
Alpha, Beta 1, Beta 2
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Alpha receptors are found in the blood vessels of the _______
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viscera (kidneys, liver, etc)
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Alpha receptors cause _____ and are stimulated by norepi/epi
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vasoconstriction
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Beta 1 receptors are found in the _____
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heart
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Beta 1 receptors increase ____ and _____ and are stimulated by norepi/epi
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HR and contractility
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Beta 2 receptors are found in the ___ ___ of the heart, muscle, and bronchioles
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blood vessels
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Beta 2 receptors cause ____ and _____ and are ONLY stimulated by epinephrine
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vasodilation and bronchiodilation
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DRUGS AFFECTING ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS:
Agonists (stimulators) 1. Beta 2: _______ (asthma) 2. Beat 1: ________ (raises HR in shock patients) |
DRUGS AFFECTING ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS:
Agonists (stimulators) 1. Albuterol (dialates bronchioles) 2. Dopamine (increases HR) |
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DRUGS AFFECTING ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS:
Antagonists (blockers) 1. Beta Blocker: ______ (lowers BP) 2. Alpha Blocker: _____ (Emergency BP lowerer, hospitals only) |
DRUGS AFFECTING ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS:
Antagonists (blockers) 1. Propranolol 2. Prazosin |
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M2 receptors are found on the heart and in _____ _____
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blood vessels
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M2 receptors decrease ___ and contractility
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HR
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M2 receptors cause limited ______
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vasodilation
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M2 receptors are siumlated by _______
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Acetylcholine (ach)
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What is an example of a drug that blocks M2 receptors?
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Atropine
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In SA node, PNS stimulation causes decreased ___ and ___
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depolorization and HR
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In SA node, SNS stimulation causes increased ___ and ___
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depolorization and HR
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In AV node, PNS stimulation causes increased ___ and decreased ___
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increased AV node delay
decreased excitability |
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In AV node, SNS stimulation causes increased ___ and decreased ___
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decreased AV node delay
increased excitability |
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In the atria, SNS stimulation causes decreased ______
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contractility
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In the atria, PNS stimulation causes increased ______
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contractility
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In the ventricles and the adrenal medulla, PNS stimulation does what?
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nothing, has no effect
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In the ventricles, SNS stimulation increases ______
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contractility
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In the adrenal medulla, SNS stimulation increases ______
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release of norepi/epi
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The Net Effect of PNS stimulation on the CV system is decreased ___ and ___ therefore decreasing CO
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HR and SV
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The Net Effect of SNS stimulation on the CV system is increased___ and ___ therefore decreasing CO
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HR and SV
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OTHER EFFECTORS OF THE HEART
1. Ionic concentration: ___, ___, and ___ all need to be at proper levels for normal functioning of the heart (large consideration in kidney failure) |
Ca2+, K+, Na+
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OTHER EFFECTORS OF THE HEART
2. Physical fitness Extreme athletes can have a much ____ than normal HR |
lower
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OTHER EFFECTORS OF THE HEART
3. Low body temp. Diving reflex: in cold water, thermoreceptors on face decrease ____ |
HR
This is why in cold water, people take longer to drown, in warm water, it takes 4 min. and results in brain death |
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CASE STUDY:
63 y/o man cannot preform physical tasks. Legs are swollen. History of hypertension. What tests do you run? |
X-rays, physical exam
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CASE STUDY:
Physical exam finds high BP and edema in lower extremeties X-Rays show fluid in lungs and enlarged heart What is diagnosis? |
Congestive Heart Failure CHF
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How would you treat CHF?
(lower blood pressure to try and decreases heart action/size by:) 1, 2 |
1. relax/be healthy
2. ACE inhibitors, Beta Blockers, Diuretics |
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In order for the heart to pump blood, it must meet and exceed the pressure in your _____
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body
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Like any muscle, the harder it works, the larger it grows, this is called _______
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hypertrophy
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CHF PATHOLOGY
1. Hypertension 2. Heart works hard=enlarges 3. Heart less efficient to distribute blood b/c of size 4. Blood flow to organs decrease 5. Body compensates with epi/ang to increase contractility of heart |
6. Heart grows even alrger
7. Valves fail-back pressure occurs in venous system 8. Back pressure goes into lungs/legs=edema 9. Without treatment, more edema and collapse of CVS |
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The trigger for CHF is _______
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hypertension
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