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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Kidney |
Bean shaped organ 12 cm long by 6 cm wide, covered by a capsule Lie retroperitoneally, encased in fat Left kidney 1-2 cm superior to the right Superior borders at T12, end at L3 |
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Renal Pelvis |
Formed by the expanded superior end of the ureter Funnel-shaped sac Located inside the renal sinus -cavity in a kidney that channels urine to the ureter |
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Renal Medulla |
Inner part of kidney |
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Renal Cortex |
Outer part of kidney |
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Renal Capsule |
Fibrous membrane that surrounds the cortex and helps maintain the shape of the kidney |
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Renal Columns |
Tissue in the medulla between the renal pyramids |
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Renal Pyramids |
Conical masses of tissue that make up the renal medulla |
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Nephron |
Functional unit of a kidney, consisting of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule |
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Functions of Kidneys |
-Regulate volume, composition and pH of body fluids (balances blood plasma) -removes metabolic waste from blood -secrete erythropoietin -secrete renin -regulate Ca++ absorption by activating vitamin D (in the presence of PTH) |
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Erythropoietin |
Red blood cell formation |
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Renin |
Regulates blood pressure Released if blood pressure decreases or Na ions in blood decrease Increases blood pressure |
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Renal Arteries |
Arise from the abdominal aorta Transport a large volume of blood to the kidneys 15 to 30 percent of total cardiac output (blood) |
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Interlobar Arteries |
Branches of the renal Artery that pass between the renal pyramids |
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Arcuate Arteries |
Incomplete arches that are branches of the interlobar arteries |
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Interlobular Arteries |
Cortical Radiate Arteries Branches of arcuate arteries |
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Afferent Arterioles |
Branches of interlobular arteries Lead to the nephrons |
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Arteries |
Abdominal Aorta Renal Arteries Interlobar Arteries Arcuate Arteries Interlobular Arteries Afferent Arterioles Nephron |
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Renal Corpuscle |
Consists of glomerulus and glomerular capsule |
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Glomerulus |
Tangled cluster of blood capillaries |
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Glomerular Capsule |
Bowman's Capsule Thin-walled, saclike structure |
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Renal Tubule |
Part of a nephron that extends from the renal corpuscle to the collecting duct |
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Podocytes |
Highly modified epithelial cells of the visceral layer |
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Nephron Loop |
Hoop of Henle |
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Structure of Nephron |
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (coiled portion of renal tunule) Nephron Loop -descending limb -ascending limb Distal Convoluted Tubule Collecting Duct |
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Juxtaglomerular Apparatus |
Contact between distal convoluted tubule and afferent arteriole Group of cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole in the kidney that pays a role in the control of renin secretion |
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Macula Densa |
Structure of epithelial cells of the ascending limb of the juxtaglomerular apparatus Tall and densely packed |
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Juxtaglomerular Cells |
Smooth muscle cells of arterioles Regulates secretion of renin |
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Cortical Nephron |
Nephron with a corpuscle in the renal cortex 80% of nephrons |
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Juxatamedullary Nephron |
Nephron with its corpuscle near the renal medulla 20% of nephrons Dip into medulla Regulate water balance |
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Vasa Recta |
Branch of the peritubular capillary that receives blood from the efferent arterioles of juxatamedullary nephrons |
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Glomerular Filtration |
Begining of urine formation Glomerular capillaries filter plasma Substances move from blood to glomerular capsule |
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Tubular Reabsorption |
Substances move from renal tubules into blood of peritubular capillaries Glucose, water, urea, proteins, creatine Returns substances to capillaries Controlled by tubular epithelium Active and passive transport |
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Tubular Secretion |
Substances move from blood of peritubular capillaries into renal tubules Drugs and ions Substances move from capillaries into tubules Excreted as urine Active and passive transport |
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Fenestrae |
Small opening in the capillary endothelium into capsule that glomerular filtration passes through Water, nutrients, ions |
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Net Filtration Pressure |
Force favoring filtration (glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure) MINUS Forces opposing filtration (capsular hydrostatic pressure and glomerular capillary osmotic pressure) |
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Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
Directly proportional to the net filtration pressure Mainly due to hydrostatic pressure Average amounts over a 4 hour period (180 liters) vs urine production (.6 -2.5 liters) |
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Autoregulation |
Controls glomerular filtration rate (GFR) under normal circumstances Keeps it constant |
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Aldosterone |
Hormone that causes K+ or H+ to be secreted while Na+ is reabsorbed In distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts |
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Angiotensin |
Liver creates Angiotensinogen Renin from kidney turns it into Angiotensin I Angiotensin-converting enzyme from lung capillaries turns it into Angiotensin II Vasoconstriction Increase Aldosterone & ADH Increased thirst |
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Urea |
Product of amino acid catabolism in the liver Plasma concentration reflects the amount of protein in diet Enters renal tubules through glomerular filtration 80% reabsorbed (the rest is excreted)) |
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ADH |
From pituitary gland DC and collecting duct become permeable to water Water is reabsorbed by osmosis into hypertonic medullary Urine becomes concentrated, volume decreases |
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Uric Acid |
Product of nucleic acid metabolism (DNA & RNA) enters renal tubules through glomerular filtration 100% reabsorbed 10% secreted then excreted |
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Urine Composition |
95% water Uric Acid Amino Acids Electrolytes Normal pH 4.6-8.0 |
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Elimination of Urine |
Nephrons Collecting Ducts Renal Papillae Minor Calyx Major Calyx Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra |
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Ureters |
Muscular tube that carries urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder Extend downward posterior to the parietal peritoneum Join urinary bladder from below |
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Urinary Bladders |
Muscular organ Composed of transitional epithelium |
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Detrusor Muscle |
Muscular wall of the urinary bladder |
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Prostate Gland |
Gland surrounding the male urethra below the urinary bladder that secretes into semen prior to ejaculation |
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Internal Urethral Sphincter |
Involuntary Smooth muscle |
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External Urethral Sphincter |
Voluntary Skeletal muscle |
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Male Urethra |
Prostatic Membranous Penile |
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Micturition |
Process of voiding urine -Bladder distends and stretch receptors stimulated -Micturition center activated in sacral portion of spinal cord -Parasympathetic nerve impulses cause detrusor muscle to contract -need to urinate is sensed -voluntary contraction of external urethral sphincter prevents urination -conscious control of micturition by brainstem and cerebral cortex inhibits the micturition reflex -when decision is made to urinate, external urethral sphincter relaxes, detrusor muscle contracts, and urine is expelled |
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Intracellular |
Inside cells More K+ and phosphate ions (PO4-3) |
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Extracellular |
Outside cell Interstitial and plasma More Na+, Cl-, and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) |
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Transcellular |
Includes cerebrospinal fluid of the central nervous system, aqueous and vitreous humors of the eyes, Synovial fluid of the joints, serous fluid in the body cavities, and fluid secretions of the exorcine glands |
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Osmorecptors |
Stimulated by increase in osmotic pressure as the body loses water Located in the thirst center |
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Acids |
Electrolytes that ionize on water and release hydrogen ions |
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Bases |
Substances that combine with hydrogen ions |
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Acid-Base Balance |
Regulation of hydrogen ions in body fluids |
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Acid-Base Buffer |
Bicarbonate, Phosphate, Protein Take up hydrogen ions and stabilize pH Fast but temporary |
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Respiratory Mechanism |
Excretion of carbon dioxide (within minutes) Eliminates hydrogen ions |
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Renal Mechanism |
Excretion of hydrogen ions (1-3 days) Eliminates hydrogen ions from system |
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Retroperitoneal |
Behind the peritoneum |
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Meiosis I |
Seperates replicated homologous chromosome pairs |
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Chromosomes |
Rod like structure that condenses from chromatin in a cell's nucleus during mitosis |
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Chromatids |
One longitudinal half of a replicated chromosome |
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Meiosis II |
Similar to mitosis |
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Diploid |
Two sets of chromosomes 46 |
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Haploid |
One set of chromosomes 23 |
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Sperm |
Male sex cells Gametes |
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Oocytes |
Female sex cells Egg Cells |
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Crossing Over |
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis Traits mixed by exchanging parts of the chromatids |
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Gonads |
Primary sex organs Testes and ovaries |
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Septa |
Divides the testes into lobules |
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Seminiferous Tubules |
Tubule within the testes where sperm cells form |
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Interstitial Cells |
Produce androgen Hormone secreting cell between the seminiferous tubules of the testes |
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Androgen |
Male sex hormone such as testosterone |
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Spermatogenesis |
Sperm cell production |
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Spermatogonium |
Undifferentiated spermatogenic cell in the outer part of a seminiferous tubule |
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Primary Spermatocyte |
Produced from mitosis |
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Secondary Spermatocyte |
Produced from meiosis I |
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Spermatids |
Produced from meiosis II |
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Acrosome |
Protective covering of sperm cell Forms head of sperm cell with nucleus |
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Midpiece |
Middle section of the sperm cell between the head and tail Contains mitochondria |
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Tail |
Flagellum End of sperm cell Used to move cell |
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Epididymis |
Highly coiled tubule that leads from the seminiferous tubules of the testis to the ductus deferens
Outside testes Storage site for sperm Promotes maturation of sperm cells Secrete glycogen |
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Vas Deferens |
Ductus Deferens Muscular tube that leads from the epididymis to the urethra of the male reproductive tract Ends in ampulla |
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Seminal Vesicles |
One of a pair of pouches that adds fructose and prostaglandins to sperm as semen forms Secretes alkaline fluid Empties into ejaculatory duct |
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Ejaculatory Ducts |
Tube, formed by the joining of the ductus deferens and the tube from the seminal vesicle, that transports sperm to the urethra |
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Bulbourethral Gland |
Gland that secretes a viscous fluid into the male urethra during sexual excitement Cowper's Gland Inferior to the prostate gland |
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Ampulla |
Expansion at the end of each semicircular canal that houses a crista ampullaris |
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Spermatic Cord |
Structure consisting of blood vessels, nerves, the ductus deferens, and other vessels extending from the abdominal inguinal ring to the testis |
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Prostaglandins |
Group of compounds that have powerful, hormonelike effects |
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Semen |
Fluid ejected during ejaculation -5% sperm cells -secretions of seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands -prostaglandins -fructose Slightly alkaline (pH 7.5) |
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Ejaculation |
Movement of semen out of urethra |
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Emission |
Movement of semen into the urethra (Sympathetic Impulses to smooth muscles of glands and ducts) |
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Scrotum |
Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue |
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Dartos Muscle |
Smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue Contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum |
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Penis |
Male external reproductive organ through which the urethra passes |
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Glans Penis |
Enlarged mass of corpus spongiosum at the end of the penis |
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Prepuce |
Foreskin of the penis that surrounds the glans penis |
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Erection |
During stimulation, parasympathetic nerve impulses from sacral cord release nitric oxide which dilated arteries leading to penis
Blood accumulates in erectile tissues and erection occurs Veins are compressed |
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Orgasm |
Culmination of sexual stimulation Accompanied by emission and ejaculation |
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LH (ICSH) |
Acts on interstitial cells (androgens)
Produced by pituitary gland |
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FSH |
Initiates spermatogenesis
Produced by pituitary gland |
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Testosterone |
Male sex hormone secreted by the interstitial cells of the testes Stimulates embryonic development of reproductive organs Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics |
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Ovaries |
Primary sex organs of females Egg cell-producing organ |
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Broad Ligament |
Largest ligament attached to tubes and uterus |
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Oogenesis |
Differentiation of an egg cell Egg formation |
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Follicular Cells |
Ovarian cells that surround a developing egg cell and secrete female sex hormone |
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Polar Body |
Small, nonfunctional cell that is product of meiosis in the female |
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Primordial Follicle |
Egg enclosed by a single layer of cells in the ovary |
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Zygote |
Cell produced by the fusion of an egg and sperm Fertilized egg cell |
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Ovulation |
Release of an egg cell for a mature ovarian follicle |
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Uterine Tubes |
Oviducts, fallopian tubes Tube that extends from the uterus on each side toward an ovary and transport sex cells Place of fertilization Lined by simple columnar epithelium, cilia, mucous |
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Uterus |
Hollow muscular organ in the pelvis of a female where a fetus develops |
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Vagina |
Tubular organ that leads from the uterus to the vestibule of the female reproductive tract Surrounds cervix Receives penis during intercourse Birth canal for offspring |
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Fertilization |
Union of an egg cell and and a sperm cell |
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Endometrium of Uterine Wall |
Columnar epithelium |
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Myometrium of Uterine Wall |
Longitudinal, circular, spiral smooth muscle |
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Perimetrium of Uterine Wall |
Serosa |
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Clitoris |
Small erectile organ in the anterior vulva, corresponding to the penis |
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Estrogens |
Group of hormones that stimulates the development of female secondary sex characteristics and produces an environment suitable for fertilization, implantation, and growth of an embryo |
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Progesterone |
Female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum of the ovary and the placenta Promotes changes in the uterus and breasts during reproductive cycle |
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Menarche |
First menstrual period |
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Menses |
Shedding of blood and tissue from the uterine lining at the end of a female reproductive cycle |
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Menopause |
Cessation of the female reproductive cycle |
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Corpus Luteum |
Structure that forms from the tissues of a ruptured ovarian follicle and secretes female hormones |
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Areola |
Pigmented region surrounding the nipple of the mammary gland or breast |
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Alveolar Duct |
Fine tube that conducts inhaled air to an air sac of the lungs |
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Mammary Glands |
Located in subcutaneous tissue of breasts Secrete milk following pregnancy |
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Sertoli Cells |
Sustentacular Cells Supporting cells of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules |
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Spermatogonia |
Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells in the male embryo |
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Corpora Cavernosa |
Two columns of erectile tissue that is dorsally located in the shaft of the penis |
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Corpus Spongiosum |
Single column of rectile tissue found in the shaft of the penis that is ventrally located |
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Ovarian Ligament |
Lower end of the ovary attaches it to the uterus Rounded, cordlike thickening of the broad ligament |
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Suspensory Ligament |
Small fold of peritoneum Holds the ovary at its upper end |
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Primary Oocytes |
Developed oogonia |
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Secondary Oocytes |
Formed when a primary oocyte divides Large section of the cytoplasm |
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Secondary Follicle |
Primary oocyte is pressed to one side a a follicle thus creating the secondary follicle that is about 0.2 millimeter in diameter |
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Infundibulum |
Funnel-shaped formed near each ovary formed by a uterine tube expansion Partially encircles the ovary medially |
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Fimbriae |
Irregular, branched extensions that line the infundibulum |
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Round Ligament |
Flattened band of tissue within the broad ligament Connects the upper end of the uterus to the anterior pelvic wall |
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Body |
Upper two-thirds of the uterus |
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Fundus |
Dome shaped top of the uterus |
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Cervix |
Lower one-third, or neck, of uterus Tubular section that extends downward into the upper part of the vagina |
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Labia Majora |
Enclose a protect the other external reproductive organs |
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Mons Pubis |
Rounded elevation of adipose tissue formed from the merging of labia |
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Labium Minora |
Flattened longitudinal folds between the labia majora |
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Corpus Albicans |
Remnant of corpus luteum after degeneration |
