Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hematocrit |
Test that seperates formed elements (45%) and plasma (55%) -detects anemia (Percentage by volume of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood) -AKA: packed cell volume |
|
Hemocytoblast |
Build blood cells -originate in red bone marrow |
|
Hematopoiesis |
Production of blood and blood cells |
|
Erythrocytes |
Red blood cells -round shape allows ease for transportation through blood vessels -biconcave disk allows for easier moving of hemoglobin as it is carried closer to the surface -lack nuclei and mitochondria when mature |
|
Hemoglobin |
Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells (Iron in hemoglobin makes blood red) -broken down into 4 hemes (iron) and globin (4 protein chain)
Oxyhemoglobin: compound formed when oxygen binds hemoglobin. bright red
Deoxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin that does not bind to oxygen. Bluish |
|
Erythropoietin |
Hormone/enzyme that helps stimulate the production of red blood cells (controls formation rate) -low blood oxygen causes kidneys to release erythropoietin -negative feedback mechanism |
|
Ferritin |
Iron - protein complex that is stored in the liver cells |
|
Biliverdin |
Greenish pigment that is decomposed heme -Excreted in bile as bile pigment |
|
Bilirubin |
Orange pigment that is converted from biliverdin -Excreted in the bile as bile pigment |
|
Anemia |
Lack of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin |
|
Leukocytes |
White blood cells Protects against disease Twice as large as red blood cells Classified according to staining |
|
Interleukins |
Class of immune system chemicals (cytokines) with varied effects -hormones that stimulate development |
|
Colony-stimulating Factors |
Protein that stimulates differentiation and maturation of white blood cells -Hormones that stimulate cytoplasm |
|
Granulocytes |
-contain granules -short life span (12 hours) -develop in bone marrow
-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
|
Agranulocytes |
-lack granules -form in bone marrow and lymphatic tissues
-lymphocytes, monocytes |
|
Neutrophils |
-granulated -activate phagocytes -elevated in bacterial infections -54%-62% of leukocytes -first to arrive at infections -lobed nucleus (2-5) -AKA: segs, poplymorphonuclear leukocyte, bands
|
|
Basophils |
-granulated -releases histamine & heparin -migrate to damaged tissues -less than 1% of leukocytes |
|
Eosinophils |
-red granules -defend against parasitic worm infestation -moderate allergic reactions -bilobed nucleus 1% - 3% of leukocytes |
|
Monocytes |
-elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis -largest blood cell -leave bloodstream to become macrophages -phagocytize bacteria and debris -live weeks to months 3% - 9% of leukocytes |
|
Lymphocytes |
-important in immunity -large spherical nuclei with thin rims of cytoplasm -T cells & B cells -may live many years 25% - 33% of leukocytes |
|
Histamine |
Promotes inflammation |
|
Heparin |
Anticoagulant -inhibits blood clotting thus increasing blood flow to injured tissues |
|
Macrophages |
Formed when monocytes leave the bloodstream -cells that phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris in the tissue |
|
T Cells |
Lymphocytes Contact killers -directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells |
|
B Cells |
Lymphocytes Produce antibodies that are proteins that attack foreign molecules |
|
Chemotaxis |
Damaged cells release chemicals that attract white blood cells -attraction of leukocytes to chemicals released from damaged cells |
|
Diapedesis |
-squeezing of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls |
|
Leukopenia |
-low white blood cell count -count below 400 white blood cells per microliter of blood -typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS -may result from anemia, or from lead, arsenic, or mercury poisoning |
|
Leukocytosis |
-high white blood cell count -over 10,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood -acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids |
|
Thrombocytes |
Platelets -develop in response to thrombopoietin from fragments of megakaryocytes -megakaryocytes shrink and become platelets as they pass through the blood vessels of the lungs -helps control blood loss from broken vessels -stick to damaged vessels -release serotonin |
|
Megakaryocytes |
Very large cells in the red bone marrow -platelets that develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to the hormone thrombopoietin |
|
Serotonin |
Contracts smooth muscles in the vessel walls, reducing blood flow -vasoconstrictor |
|
Plasma |
-clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood -55% of blood -92% H2O, the rest organic and inorganic biochemicals |
|
Plasma Functions |
Transport nutrients, gases, wastes, vitamins, hormones Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance Maintain pH |
|
Albumins |
Plasma Protein -help maintain colloid osmotic pressure of blood -most numerous plasma proteins -originate in liver -bind and transport molecules |
|
Fibrinogen |
Plasma Protein -originates in liver -blood coagulation |
|
Globulins |
Plasma Protein -divided into alpha, beta, and gamma globulins |
|
Alpha & Beta Globulins |
-originates in liver -transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
|
|
Gamma Globulins |
-originate in lymphatic tissues -constitute the antibodies of immunity |
|
Plasma Proteins |
-most abundant dissolved substances (solutes) in plasma -albumins, globulins, & fibrinogen |
|
Osmotic Pressure |
Helps regulate water movement between the blood and tissues -control blood volume -directly affects blood pressure |
|
Coagulation |
Blood clotting -triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces -blood clot forms in a series of chain reactions -extrinsic and intrinsic pathways -most complex form of hemostasis |
|
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances |
Molecules containing nitrogen but are not proteins |
|
Urea |
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance -waste product of protein catabolism -about 50% of NNP substances |
|
Uric Acid |
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance -waste product of nucleic acid catabolism |
|
Amino Acids |
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance -product of protein catabolism |
|
Creatine |
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance -stores phosphates (energy) |
|
Creatinine |
Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance -product of creatine metabolism |
|
BUN |
Blood Urea Nitrogen -indicate health of kidney |
|
Hemostasis |
Refers to the stoppage of bleeding -Blood Vessel Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, Blood Coagulation |
|
Blood Vessel Spasm |
-triggered by pain receptors, or platelet release of serotonin -smooth muscle in vessel contracts (vasoconstriction) -simplest form of hemostasis |
|
Platelet Plug Formation |
-triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen -platelets adhere to rough surfaces to form a plug |
|
Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism |
Chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation -triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue -damaged tissue releases tissue thromboplastin (not found in blood) (which activates other clotting factors) - calcium ions along with clotting factors convert prothrombin to thrombin -thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin -fibrin threads create a mesh that traps blood cells (clot) Positive feedback system |
|
Vasoconstriction |
Decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel |
|
Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism |
-chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation -triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood) when blood contacts a foreign surface (collagen) -sequence of clotting factors: Ca++, prothrombin ---- fibrin -prothrombin requires Vitamin K for synthesis in the liver |
|
Plasmin |
Protein - splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin threads and other proteins associated with clots |
|
Thrombus |
Abnormal blood clot in vessel |
|
Embolus |
Dislodged blood clot moving through blood |
|
Endothelium |
Smooth lining of blood vessels that discourages accumulation of platelets |
|
Antithrombin |
Plasma alpha globulin inactivates excess thrombin by binding to it and blocking its action on fibrinogen |
|
Antigens |
Surface molecules that are chemicals that stimulate cells to produce antibodies -two major antigens: A & B |
|
Antibodies |
Proteins that react against a specific antigen not present on the blood cell surface -made by plasma cells -anti-A & anti-B |
|
Antigens & Antibodies |
Type A: Antigen A --- Anti-B antibody Type B: Antigen B --- Anti-A antibody Type AB: Antigen A & B --- no antibody Type O: No Antigen --- Anti-A & Anti-B antibody
|
|
Agglutination |
Clumping of red blood cells when testing blood compatibility or resulting from a transfusion reaction -occurs between antigen and antibodies |
|
Universal Recipient |
Type AB blood |
|
Universal Donor |
Type O blood |
|
Rh Blood Group |
Rh- positive: contains Rh antigen & no Rh anti-body Rh- negative: lacks Rh antigen & has Rh anti-body Rh antibodies only develop upon exposure to antigen |