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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Hematocrit

Test that seperates formed elements (45%) and plasma (55%)


-detects anemia


(Percentage by volume of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood)


-AKA: packed cell volume

Hemocytoblast

Build blood cells


-originate in red bone marrow

Hematopoiesis

Production of blood and blood cells

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells


-round shape allows ease for transportation through blood vessels


-biconcave disk allows for easier moving of hemoglobin as it is carried closer to the surface


-lack nuclei and mitochondria when mature

Hemoglobin

Oxygen carrying pigment in red blood cells


(Iron in hemoglobin makes blood red)


-broken down into 4 hemes (iron) and globin (4 protein chain)



Oxyhemoglobin: compound formed when oxygen binds hemoglobin. bright red



Deoxyhemoglobin: hemoglobin that does not bind to oxygen. Bluish

Erythropoietin

Hormone/enzyme that helps stimulate the production of red blood cells (controls formation rate)


-low blood oxygen causes kidneys to release erythropoietin


-negative feedback mechanism

Ferritin

Iron - protein complex that is stored in the liver cells

Biliverdin

Greenish pigment that is decomposed heme


-Excreted in bile as bile pigment

Bilirubin

Orange pigment that is converted from biliverdin


-Excreted in the bile as bile pigment

Anemia

Lack of red blood cells or reduction of hemoglobin

Leukocytes

White blood cells


Protects against disease


Twice as large as red blood cells


Classified according to staining

Interleukins

Class of immune system chemicals (cytokines) with varied effects


-hormones that stimulate development

Colony-stimulating Factors

Protein that stimulates differentiation and maturation of white blood cells


-Hormones that stimulate cytoplasm

Granulocytes

-contain granules


-short life span (12 hours)


-develop in bone marrow



-neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes

-lack granules


-form in bone marrow and lymphatic tissues



-lymphocytes, monocytes

Neutrophils

-granulated


-activate phagocytes


-elevated in bacterial infections


-54%-62% of leukocytes


-first to arrive at infections


-lobed nucleus (2-5)


-AKA: segs, poplymorphonuclear leukocyte, bands


Basophils

-granulated


-releases histamine & heparin


-migrate to damaged tissues


-less than 1% of leukocytes

Eosinophils

-red granules


-defend against parasitic worm infestation


-moderate allergic reactions


-bilobed nucleus


1% - 3% of leukocytes

Monocytes

-elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis


-largest blood cell


-leave bloodstream to become macrophages


-phagocytize bacteria and debris


-live weeks to months


3% - 9% of leukocytes

Lymphocytes

-important in immunity


-large spherical nuclei with thin rims of cytoplasm


-T cells & B cells


-may live many years


25% - 33% of leukocytes

Histamine

Promotes inflammation

Heparin

Anticoagulant


-inhibits blood clotting thus increasing blood flow to injured tissues

Macrophages

Formed when monocytes leave the bloodstream


-cells that phagocytize bacteria, dead cells, and other debris in the tissue

T Cells

Lymphocytes


Contact killers


-directly attack microorganisms, tumor cells, and transplanted cells

B Cells

Lymphocytes


Produce antibodies that are proteins that attack foreign molecules

Chemotaxis

Damaged cells release chemicals that attract white blood cells


-attraction of leukocytes to chemicals released from damaged cells

Diapedesis

-squeezing of leukocytes between the cells of blood vessel walls

Leukopenia

-low white blood cell count


-count below 400 white blood cells per microliter of blood


-typhoid fever, flu, measles, mumps, chicken pox, AIDS


-may result from anemia, or from lead, arsenic, or mercury poisoning

Leukocytosis

-high white blood cell count


-over 10,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood


-acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids

Thrombocytes

Platelets


-develop in response to thrombopoietin from fragments of megakaryocytes


-megakaryocytes shrink and become platelets as they pass through the blood vessels of the lungs


-helps control blood loss from broken vessels


-stick to damaged vessels


-release serotonin

Megakaryocytes

Very large cells in the red bone marrow


-platelets that develop from hematopoietic stem cells in response to the hormone thrombopoietin

Serotonin

Contracts smooth muscles in the vessel walls, reducing blood flow


-vasoconstrictor

Plasma

-clear, straw colored liquid portion of blood


-55% of blood


-92% H2O, the rest organic and inorganic biochemicals

Plasma Functions

Transport nutrients, gases, wastes, vitamins, hormones


Regulate fluid and electrolyte balance


Maintain pH

Albumins

Plasma Protein


-help maintain colloid osmotic pressure of blood


-most numerous plasma proteins


-originate in liver


-bind and transport molecules

Fibrinogen

Plasma Protein


-originates in liver


-blood coagulation

Globulins

Plasma Protein


-divided into alpha, beta, and gamma globulins

Alpha & Beta Globulins

-originates in liver


-transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins


Gamma Globulins

-originate in lymphatic tissues


-constitute the antibodies of immunity

Plasma Proteins

-most abundant dissolved substances (solutes) in plasma


-albumins, globulins, & fibrinogen

Osmotic Pressure

Helps regulate water movement between the blood and tissues


-control blood volume


-directly affects blood pressure

Coagulation

Blood clotting


-triggered by cellular damage and blood contact with foreign surfaces


-blood clot forms in a series of chain reactions


-extrinsic and intrinsic pathways


-most complex form of hemostasis

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances

Molecules containing nitrogen but are not proteins

Urea

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance


-waste product of protein catabolism


-about 50% of NNP substances

Uric Acid

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance


-waste product of nucleic acid catabolism

Amino Acids

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance


-product of protein catabolism

Creatine

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance


-stores phosphates (energy)

Creatinine

Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substance


-product of creatine metabolism

BUN

Blood Urea Nitrogen


-indicate health of kidney

Hemostasis

Refers to the stoppage of bleeding


-Blood Vessel Spasm, Platelet Plug Formation, Blood Coagulation

Blood Vessel Spasm

-triggered by pain receptors, or platelet release of serotonin


-smooth muscle in vessel contracts (vasoconstriction)


-simplest form of hemostasis

Platelet Plug Formation

-triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen


-platelets adhere to rough surfaces to form a plug

Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism

Chemical outside of blood triggers blood coagulation


-triggered when blood contacts damaged tissue


-damaged tissue releases tissue thromboplastin (not found in blood) (which activates other clotting factors)


- calcium ions along with clotting factors convert prothrombin to thrombin


-thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin


-fibrin threads create a mesh that traps blood cells (clot)



Positive feedback system

Vasoconstriction

Decrease in the diameter of a blood vessel

Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism

-chemical inside blood triggers blood coagulation


-triggered by Hageman factor (found inside blood) when blood contacts a foreign surface (collagen)


-sequence of clotting factors: Ca++, prothrombin ---- fibrin


-prothrombin requires Vitamin K for synthesis in the liver

Plasmin

Protein - splitting enzyme that can digest fibrin threads and other proteins associated with clots

Thrombus

Abnormal blood clot in vessel

Embolus

Dislodged blood clot moving through blood

Endothelium

Smooth lining of blood vessels that discourages accumulation of platelets

Antithrombin

Plasma alpha globulin inactivates excess thrombin by binding to it and blocking its action on fibrinogen

Antigens

Surface molecules that are chemicals that stimulate cells to produce antibodies



-two major antigens: A & B

Antibodies

Proteins that react against a specific antigen not present on the blood cell surface


-made by plasma cells


-anti-A & anti-B

Antigens & Antibodies

Type A: Antigen A --- Anti-B antibody


Type B: Antigen B --- Anti-A antibody


Type AB: Antigen A & B --- no antibody


Type O: No Antigen --- Anti-A & Anti-B antibody


Agglutination

Clumping of red blood cells when testing blood compatibility or


resulting from a transfusion reaction


-occurs between antigen and antibodies

Universal Recipient

Type AB blood

Universal Donor

Type O blood

Rh Blood Group

Rh- positive: contains Rh antigen & no Rh anti-body


Rh- negative: lacks Rh antigen & has Rh anti-body



Rh antibodies only develop upon exposure to antigen