Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
List the 3 functions of human blood.
|
Transportation
Homeostasis Protection |
|
|
What are the formed elements of blood?
What % does it make up of all blood? |
RBC = 99.9%
WBC, and platelet = 0.1% Makes up 45% of whole blood |
|
|
What is blood composed of? (4)
|
Plasma
RBC WBC Platelets |
|
|
What is the normal range of blood volume in a healthy adult?
|
4-6 liters
|
|
|
hematocrit
|
% of whole blood that is formed elements; usually 45%
|
|
|
hemoglobin
|
globular protein of blood that carries oxygen and other elements
|
|
|
hematopoiesis (or hemopoiesis)
|
process of producing formed elements
i.e. RBCs, WBCs |
|
|
erythropoiesis
|
process of producing RBCs only; occurs only in red bone marrow
|
|
|
Hemocytoblasts divide to produce what... (2)
|
Myeloid stem cells
Lymphoid cells |
|
|
leukopoiesis
|
formation of hemocytoblasts into any of the WBCs
|
|
|
differential WBC count
|
a report from a blood smear indicating the # of each type of cell in a sample of 100 WBCs
|
|
|
hemolysis
|
rupturing of RBC
|
|
|
Which WBC release histamine?
|
Basophil
|
|
|
Which WBC is a used as a main defense against pathogens and toxins?
|
Lymphocytes
|
|
|
Which WBC promotes inflammation?
|
Basophil
Note: Basophils also release histamine, which causes inflammation. |
|
|
What 2 WBC are mainly phagocytic?
|
Neutrophils and eosinophils
|
|
|
What is the lifespan of an RBC?
|
700 miles in 120 days
|
|
|
How does life end for an RBC?
|
Plasma membrane ruptures or other damage is detected by phagocytes; Hb is recycled
|
|
|
reticulocyte
|
an immature RBC; only 4 days after differentiation
|
|
|
What is the function of a hemoglobin molecule?
|
Carry oxygen and other molecules
|
|
|
What is the structure of a hemoglobin molecule?
|
Complex quaternary molecule
2 alpha chains 2 beta chains Each chain has 1 heme 1 heme = 1 oxygen |
|
|
erythropoietin
|
glycoprotein released and produced by kidney; "EPO"
|
|
|
blood doping
|
injecting oneself with erythropoietin in order to have more oxygen
|
|
|
What are granulocytes?
What WBCs are included in this category? |
WBCs with abundantly stained granules; includes neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
|
|
|
What are agranulocytes?
What WBCs are included in this category? |
WBCs with few, if any, stained granules; includes monocytes and lymphocytes
|
|
|
Describe the formation of platelets.
|
Platelets are formed in bone marrow from megakaryocytes fragments.
|
|
|
What are the 3 functions of human platelets?
|
Release chemicals important for clotting
Form temporary patch Active contraction |
|
|
What are the 3 stages of the coagulation cascade?
|
Vascular
Platelet Coagulation |
|
|
What is the Factor III typically called?
|
Tissue Factor
|
|
|
What happens during the vascular phase of the coagulation cascade?
|
Blood vessel diameter is decreased
|
|
|
What happens during the platelet phase of the coagulation cascade?
|
Platelet plugs release chemicals
|
|
|
What antigen do you have if you are blood type B?
What antibody do you have? |
You have antigen B.
You have antibody A. |
|
|
What antigen do you have if you are blood type O?
What antibody do you have? |
You don't have any antigens.
You have antibody A and B. |
|
|
What antigen do you have if you are blood type AB?
What antibody do you have? |
You have antigen A and antigen B.
You have no antibodies. |
|
|
antigen
|
cell membrane protein that identify a cell
|
|
|
antibody
|
protein created to bind with a foreign antigen
|
|
|
agglutination
|
the clumping together caused by antibodies (agglutinins)
|
|
|
HDN
|
condition in which fetal RBCs have been destroyed by maternal antibodies
|
|
|
Rh factor
|
protein found in blood that can either be positive or negative
|
|
|
polycythemia
|
elevated hematocrit w/ normal blood volume; several types
|
|
|
thalassemia
|
condition in which rate of RBC production is slowed by ineffective erythropoiesis and mature RBCs are weak; due to inability to produce inadequate amounts of normal alpha & beta chains of Hb
|
|
|
edema
|
abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid
|
|
|
anemia
|
condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced
|
|
|
sickle cell anemia
|
sickling RBCs are damged and fragile
|
|
|
hemorrhagic anemia
|
results from severe blood loss; shows low Hct and low Hb
|
|
|
aplastic anemia
|
bone marrow fails to produce new RBCs
|
|
|
iron deficiency anemia
|
normal Hb synthesis cannot occur because iron reserves are not adequate
|
|
|
leukemia
|
results from over production of WBC that are abnormal and/or non-functioning
|
|
|
hemophilia
|
inherited; inadequate production of a single clotting factor
|
|
|
Von Willebrand's disease
|
most common hereditary clotting disease; plasma protein binds and stabilizes Factor VIII
|
|
|
What are the 2 groups of chemicals that trigger leukopoiesis?
|
CSF (colony stimulating factors) and Interleukins
|
|
|
How many oxygen can 1 RBC carry?
|
1 billion
|
|
|
When making platelet plugs, what 4 chemicals do platelets release?
|
ADP
Thromboxane A2 Ca2+ Platelet factors |
|
|
What chemical inhibits platelet aggregation during clotting?
What structure releases it? |
Prostacyclin
Released by epithelial cells |
|
|
When prostacyclin is released, what kind of feedback is it?
|
Positive feedback
|
|
|
What is the inactive version of fibrinogen?
|
Fibrin
|
|
|
How does fibrinogen become fibrin?
|
Thrombin is added to it.
|
|
|
What is fibrin?
|
It's a fibrous protein that makes a network/mesh that covers clots.
|
|
|
The intrinsic clotting pathway begins with what factor?
|
Factor 12
|
|
|
The extrinsic clotting pathway begins with what factor?
|
Factor 3
|
|
|
What factor is already normally in your blood?
|
Factor 12
|
|
|
What factor comes from damaged tissue cells and isn't normally in your blood?
|
Factor 3
|
|
|
What directs hematopoiesis?
|
Hormones
|
|
|
What are CSF and interleukins released by?
|
WBCs
|
|
|
In one word, describe the shape of an RBC.
|
Biconcave disc
|
|
|
What are the benefits of the RBC being shaped like a biconcave disc?
|
Dent increases surface area
Good ratio to cytoplasm & membrane Can bend & stack |
|
|
What is the production rate and death rate of RBC?
|
300 million/second
|
|
|
leukopenia
|
WBC count is too low
|
|
|
Does the drug Heparin favor clots or inhibit them?
|
It inhibits them.
|
|
|
What type of clot is a moving clot?
|
Embolus
|
|
|
What type of clot is a stationery clot?
|
Thrombus
|
|
|
What do you call blood plasma that has clotting proteins removed?
|
Blood serum
|
|
|
Are blood cells connected to one another?
|
No
|
|
|
Where does plasma come from?
|
Bone marrow
|
|
|
Identify 4 characteristics of blood.
|
Fluid
Mixture Suspension Solution |
|
|
suspension
|
liquid with things flowing around in it
|
|
|
solution
|
liquid with things dissolved in it
|
|
|
Identify the 4 products transported by blood.
|
Respiratory gases (CO2, O2)
Nutrients Waste products Hormones etc. |
|
|
Identify 3 ways that blood functions to maintain homeostasis.
|
Maintain body temp.
Regulate fluid levels Maintains pH level (7.35-7.45) |
|
|
Identify 2 ways that blood protects the human body.
|
Uses WBC against pathogens
Clots to prevent blood loss |
|
|
What % of whole blood is plasma?
|
55%
|
|
|
What is plasma made up of?
|
92% water
7% proteins 1% other solutes |
|
|
What are the 2 plasma proteins?
|
Globulins
Fibrinogen |
|
|
Identify 4 functions of globulin.
|
Transport ions
Transport lipids Transport hormones Has antibodies |
|
|
Identify the main function of fibrinogen.
|
Used in the clotting
|
|
|
prothrombin
|
inactive precursor of thrombin that assists in clotting
|
|
|
Identify the 3 products in "other solutes" of plasma.
|
Electrolytes
Organic nutrients Organic wastes |
|
|
erythroblast
|
young RBC that has a nucleus
|
|
|
erythrocyte
|
mature RBC
|
|
|
thrombopoietin
|
made by kidney to accelerate platelet formation by stimulating megakaryocyte production
|
