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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brainstem
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Control Center for automatic
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Phantom Pain
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Pain you have when a limb isnt there anymore
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Reffered Pain
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Pain that is in one body part but then is felt somewhere else
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Chronic Pain
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Pain that is felt over a long period of time
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Pain
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Concious awareness that a condition exists that you need to concinously move
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ACH-ase
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Breaks down ACH
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Ganglion
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Collection of somas outside CNS
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Rods
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Low light and black and white images
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Cones
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High like and color images
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Retine
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Neural tunic
Contains rods and cones |
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Choroid
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Vascular Tunic
Vascular layer cappilary bed |
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Sclera
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Fibrous tunic
Ropelike collegan (white) Capsule that surrounds everything else |
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Optic Disc
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Blind spot, no vision
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Cornea
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Single collagon fibers
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Macula Lueta
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Yellow Spot, highest concentration of cones
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Fovea Centralis
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In the middle of Macula luta, helps you focus
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Conjunctiva
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One cell layer thick and mucus membrane
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Pupil
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hole in the middle of iris
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Iris
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Separates anterior and postier chamber, a circular muscle and is a smooth muscle
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Lens
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separates anterior and postier cavity
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Viterous humor
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thick jellylike liquid that holds the retina in place
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Aquneous humor
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water
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Laght passes through
6 places |
1. Conjunctiva
2. Cornea 3. Aquneous humor 4. Lens 5. Vitreous humor 6. Retina |
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Astigmastisim
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double vision cornea is mishaped
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cardiac
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protein build up within the lens
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eyebrows
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divert sweat and water from eye
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eyelashes
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keeps things from eye
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canthi
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lateral and medial helps eye to close
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caruncle
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fleshy blob medial to canthis
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lacrimal glands
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tear solution from the lateral upper eyelid
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tears
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contain lysozymes that kills bacteria
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rectus
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superior, lateral and medial muscle to roll eye
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oblique
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moves eye up and down
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Cocchlea
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means snale, inside is the organ of corti with hair cells
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Pinna-aricule
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outer ear captures sound waves into the external ear canal
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Vibresse
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hairs
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tympanum
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separates the external ear from the middle ear, amplfy sound waves to be transported into liquid
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Eustachian tube
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connects middle ear with nasal cavity-equalizes air pressure
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auditory ossicles
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amplfy sound waves to become a liquid (water)
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malleus
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attached to incus
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incus
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attached to stapes
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stapes
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attached to the oval window membrane that leads into the cocchlea
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round window
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helps take out excess sound so there is no echo
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low sound waves
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long waves
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high sound waves
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have short sound waves
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Vestible
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opening that leads to a larger area
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semi-circular canal
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able to move fluid
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equibluriun
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sense of balance
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2 types of equilibrium
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static-still
dynamic-changing |
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vestibule contains hair cells that trigger the
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otoliths
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otoliths
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above the hair cells is a gell that contains otoliths
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head gravity
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tells you where your head is with respect to gravity
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ampula
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where hair cell is tell you how fast and what direction you are moving your head
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proprioception
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knowing where your body parts are in space
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cerebellum
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tells you reprtitive things
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vertigo
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eyes arent sending the same information as your ears example is on a boat
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2 control systems of the Endocrine system
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nervous and endocrine
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nervous system
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fast, electrical, short lived
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endocrine system
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slow, long lasting, chemical, long lived
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hormones
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cause growth and development, maintance of homeostasis
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2 glands of the endocrine system
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endocrine and exocrine
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endocrine
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secretes a hormone into extracellular fluid
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exocrine
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secretes product onto epithelial surface, sebacous, lacrimal, salivary
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Functional unit of endocrine system?
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Hormones
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hormone
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a chemical messenger that is produced into one tissue, secreted and then transported by blood to another body tissue
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3 hormone groups
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Amino-Acid, peptide, lipid
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Amino Acids
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polar molecules, have a positive and negative charge, small and have 1st and 2nd messengers
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Peptide
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longer chain of amino-acids also a polar molecule, it is bigger and it is a protein, it also has 1st and 2nd messengers
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Lipids
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nonpolar molecule and creates Cholestrol and Arachidonic Acid
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Arachidonic Acid
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20carbon chain produces prostaglandin
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prostaglandin
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local hormone produced in a tissue and has an effect on neighboring cells
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How do polar hormones cause response?
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hormone attaches to a receptor site which causes a reaction with G proteins then it kicks off a 2nd messenger cAMP which causes the response
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How do nonpolar hormones cause response?
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Lipids diffuse straight through the cell membrane and attaches itseld to its receptor site inside of the cell
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Hypothalamus
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connects nervous to the endocrine system. produces neurohormones that travel through a vascular tube to the pitutary gland
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number one master control gland
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pitutary
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Hypothalamo-Hypophysial portal system
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carries neurohormones from hypothalamus to pituitary
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what will a releasing hormone look like
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GHRH
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what will an inhibiting hormone look like
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GHIH
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pituitary gland
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lives in the sella trrcia and found on the sphenoid bone
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the posterior lobe of the pitutary gland contains what
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oxytocin and ADH
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oxytocin
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stimulates smooth muscles of uterus
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ADH
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Anti Diuretic hormone, causes kidneys to retain water, maintains blood volumn
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How many hormones does the anterior lobe produce?
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9
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GH
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Growth hormone
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Giantism
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too much GH as a kid "huge kids"
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Acromegaly
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Too much GH as an adult (large knucles, jaw and pain in joints)
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Dwarfism
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Too little GH as a kid
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TSH
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-goes to thyroid and produces thyroxine which has to have iodine to be functional- it also produces thyrocalcitonin
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Goiter
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Not enough iodine
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Thyrocalcitonin
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negative feedback mechanism-takes calcium out of blood and puts it in bone
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Parathyroid Gland
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Posterior surface of throid and produces Parathyroid hormone
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PTH
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negative feedback mechanism-takes calcium from bone and puts it in blood
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calcium
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helps blood clotting, bone structure, nerve signal transmission, stimulates adrenak cortex
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ACTH
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Adreno-Corticotropic Hormone-steriod hormones, stimulates adrenal cortex
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MSH
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Melanin stimulating hormone-causes an increase in melanin
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LH
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Lutenizing Hormone-brings about ovulation-release of egg from ovary
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FSH
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Follicle stimulating hormone- causes immature eggs in ovary to start maturing
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Prolactin
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stimulates breast to produce milk
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Lipotrophin
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break down of fats
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Beta endorphins
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hormones that are pain killers like analgesia
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Where are the adrenal glands
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the superior surface of the kidney
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Adrenal cortex contains which anti-inflammatory hormones
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Glucolcorticoids
Mineralcorticoids Androgens |
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What is a Glucolcorticoid
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a steriod that has a carbohydrate attached to it, supresses the immune system, example is cortisone
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what is a mineralcorticoid
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Aldosterone-causes the kidneys to concentrate on urine
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what is an Androgen
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a sex hormone
example testrone, estrogen |
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What does the adrenal medulla contain
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adrenaline and noradrenaline
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what is in adrenaline
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epinefrine
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what is in noradrenaline
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norepinefrine
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Which hormones do the kidneys have
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Calcitriel
Erythropoeitin Renin |
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what does calcitriel do
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stimulates the uptake of calcium from your food
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Erythropoeitin
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stimulates production of red blood cells
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Renin
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stimulates Angiotensin which causes a vaso constriction which wis when blood vessels constrict, and it stimulates Aldosterone which causes the body to maintain water
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what hormone does the heart produce
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ANP
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what is ANP and what does it do
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Atrial Natri Uretic Peptide- a diruetoc, shuts down renin ADH and aldosterone to help you get rid of water
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Panceras produces..
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digestive hormones
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what is the group of cells called in the pancreas
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Islets of Langerhaus
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What does the alpha cell do
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priduces glucagon which is the brakdown of glycogen
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what does the beta cell do
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produces insulin which causes cells to take glycose out of innerstial fluid
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what does the delta cell do
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produces somatostatin which regulates glucagon and insulin
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what is hyperglycemia
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too much blood sugar not enough glucagon is being produced
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what is hypoglycenia
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low blood sugar ot enough insulin is being produced
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what does Exercise do for you
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able to take sugar out of body
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Testes
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gnoids for the male reprodictive system, which produce interstitial cells and sustentacular cells
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interstitial cells
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produce testosterone which is a type of androgen important for sperm production and secondary sex characteristics
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What inhibits the production of testosterone
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inhibin
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ovaries
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female gnoids once follice cells are develped they produce estrogen and inhibin
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estrogen
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egg maturity and secondary sex characteristics
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what inhibits the production of estrogen
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inhibins
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corpus luteum
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the reminance from leftover follicle cells and then produces progesterone
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progestrone
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helps the woman to not release another egg
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Placenta
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structure that supports the embryo and it also uses synergistic endocrine activity corrdinated with ovaries and pitutary gland helps with normal fetal development and delivery
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pineal gland
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in the epithalamus also called 3rd eye it regulates circadian rythyms and synthesizes melatonin which helps people sleep
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thymus
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produces thymosins
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thymosins
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causes white blood cells to mature into T-cells
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Positive feedback mechanism
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pushes away from homeostasis
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negative feedback mechanism
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pulls back to homeostasis
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antagonistic
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working against eachother
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synergistic
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two or more hormones work together
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permissive
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have to have one hormone present for the other hormone to achieve its goal
example.. epinefrine and thyroid |
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intergrative
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number of hormones that work different functions but achieve the same goal
ex. all hormones working to maintain homeostasis |
