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204 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the CNS?
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the brain and the spinal cord
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NAME
consists of the brain, and spinal cord |
CNS
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NAME
is the size of about two good fistfuls of quivering pinkish gray tissue |
brain
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What are the parts of the brain? (4)
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(1)Ceberal hempispheres (2)diencephalon (3)brain stem (4)cerebellum
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What are the parts of the brain stem?
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(1)midbrain (2)pons (3)medulla
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NAME
the parts include the midbrain, pons, and the medulla |
brain stem
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NAME
consists of a central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core, external to which is white matter |
CNS
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the hollow ventricular chambers are filled w cerebrospinal fluid and lined by (1)
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ependymal cells
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NAME
are larged C shaped chambers that reflect the pattern of cerebral growth |
lateral venticles
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NAME
form the superior part of the brain |
cerebral hemispheres
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NAME
are elevated ridges of tissues |
gyri
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What are gyri?
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are elevated ridges of tissues
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What are sulci?
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are shallow grooves
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NAME
are shallow grooves |
sulci
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NAME
are deeper grooves that separeate large regions of the brain |
fissures
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What are fissures?
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are deeper grooves that separate larger regions of the brian
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What is the longitudinal fissure?
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seperate the cerebral hemispheres
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NAME
seperate the cerebral ehmispheres |
longitduinal fissure
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What is the tranverse cerebral fissure?
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separtes the cebebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below
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NAME
separtes the cebebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below |
tranverse cerebral fissure
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NAME
is the "executive suite" of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found |
cerebral cortex
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The cerebral cortex is the "executive suite" of the nervous system where our (1)is found
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conscious mind
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NAME
enables us to be aware of oursevles and our sensations to communicate, remember and understand and to intiate voluntary movements |
Cerebral cortex
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The cerebral cortex enables us to be aware of (1), and our (2), and (3)
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(1)ourselves (2)sensations to communicate, remember, and understand (3)to intiate voluntary movements
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What does the cerebral cortex consist of? (3)
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(1)cell bodies (2)dendrites (3)unmyleniated axons
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NAME
consists of cell bodies, dendrites, unmylenated axons |
cerebral cortex
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Does the cerebral cortex have fiber tracts?
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no
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T or F
the cerebral cortex has fiber tracts |
false
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What are the (3) functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
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(1)motor areas (2)sensory areas (3)assocation areas
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NAME
contains three functional areas: motor areas, sensory areas, and assocation areas |
cerebral cortex
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What are the parts of the motor areas?
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(1)primary motor cortex (2)premotor cortex (3)Broca's area (4)frontal eye field
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NAME
consists of the primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal eye field |
motor area
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What is the motor area?
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controls volunatry movement
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NAME
controls volunatry movements |
motor area
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What are pyramidal cells?
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allow us to consciuously control the precise or skilled volunatry movements of our skeletal muscles
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NAME
allows us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles |
pyramidal cells
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What is the sensory area?
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are areas concerned w conscious control awareness of sensation
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NAME
area areas concerned w conscious control awareness of sensation |
sensory area
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What are the parts of the sensory area? (7)
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(1)primary somatosensory cortex (2)somatosensory association cortex (3)visual areas (4)auditory cortex (5)olfactory cortex (6)Gustatory cortex (7)vestibiular cortex
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NAME
consists of primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, visual areas, auditory cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex, and vestibular cortex |
sensory area
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What are the different types of assocation areas?
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(1)prefrontal cortex (2)langauage areas (3)general interpretation area (4)viscreal assocation area
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NAME
the differ types are prefrontal cortex, langauage areas, general interpretation area, and viscreal assocation area |
assocation areas
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What are assocation fibers?
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connect different parts of the same hemisphere
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NAME
connect different parts of the same hemisphere |
assocation fibers
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What are projection fibers?
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are those that enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers
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NAME
are those that enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers |
projection fibers
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What are (3) structures that make up the diencephalon?
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(1)thalamus (2)Hypothalamus (3)epithalamus
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NAME
are made up of three structures the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalmus |
diencephalon
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NAME
is egg shaped and makes up 80% of the diencephalon |
thalamus
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What is the thalamus?
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is egg shaped and makes up 80% of the diencephalon
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NAME
are pealike nuclei that buldge anteriorly from the hypothalamus and are rely stattions in the olfactory pathways |
mammillary bodies
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What are mammillary bodies?
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are pealike nuclei that buldge anterioaly from the hypothalamus and are rely stations in the olfactory pathways
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NAME
contains the pituitray gland |
hypothalamus
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What are the function chief homeostatic roles of the hyptohalamus? (7)
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(1)autonmoic control center (2)center for emotional response (3)body temperature regulation (4)regulation of food intake (5)regulation of water balance and thrist (6)regulation of water-sleep cycle (7)control of the endocrine system functioning
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NAME
its functions include autonomic control center, center for emotional response, body temperature regulation, regulation of food intake, regulation of water balance and thrist, regulation of sleep-wake cycle, and control of endocrine system functioning |
hyptohalamus
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NAME
secrete and is the hormone melatonin |
pineal gland
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What is the pineal gland?
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secreates the hormone melatonin
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NAME
extending from its posterior body visible externallny from the epihtalamus |
pineal gland
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The pineal gland extends from its posterior body visible externally from the (1)
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epithalamus
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What are the meninges?
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are three connective tissue membranes that lie external to CNS organs
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NAME
are three connective tissue membranes that lie external to CNS organs |
meninges
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What are the functions of the meninges?(4)
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(1)cover and protect the CNS (2)protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses (3)contain cerebrospinal fluid (4)form partitions in the skull
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NAME
thier functions include to cover and protect the CNS, protect the blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses, contian cerebrospinal fluid, and form partitions in the skull |
meninges
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What is the dura mater?
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is the strongest meninix that is two layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue
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NAME
is the strongest meninix that is two layered sheet of fibrous connective tissue |
dura mater
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What are the two fibrous connective tissue?
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(1)periosteal layer (2)meningeal layer
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NAME
its two layers are the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer |
dura mater
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What are the dural sinuses?
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collect venous blood from the brain and direct it into the internal jurglar viens of the neck
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NAME
collect venous blood from the brain and direct it into the internal jurglar veins of the neck |
dural sinuses
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What is the dural septa?
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limit excessive movement of the brain w/in the cranium
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NAME
limit excessive movement of the brian w/in the cranium |
dural septa
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What are the (3)parts of the dural septa?
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(1)falx cerebri (2)falx cerebelli (3)tentorium cerebelli
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NAME
its three parts include the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and the tentorium cerebelli |
dural septa
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What is the arachnoid matter?
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is the middle meninx that forms a loose brian covering never dipping into the sulci at the cerebral surface
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is the middle meninx that forms a loose brian covering never dipping into the sulci at the cerebral surface
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arachnoid mater
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Arachnoid mater is also called the (1)
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Arachnoid
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(1) is also called hte arachnoid
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arachnoid mater
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What is the subdural space?
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is a narrow serous cavity contianing a film of fluid that seperates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater
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NAME
is a narrow serous cavity containg a film of fluid that seperates the dura mater from the arachnoid mater |
subdural space
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What is the pia mater?
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is composed of delicate connective tissue and is richly invested w tiny blood vessels
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NAME
is composed of delicate connective tissue and is richly invested w tiny blood vessels |
pia mater
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What is meningitis?
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is the inflammation of the meninges
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NAME
is the inflammation of the meninges |
meinigitis
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What is encephalitis?
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is the inflammation of the brain
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NAME
is the inflammation of the brain |
encephalitis
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What are some of the functions of the CSF? (6)
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(1)cushions CNS organs (2)reduces brain wieght by 97% (3)prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight (4)protects the brain and spinal cord from tramuas (5)helps nourish the brain (6)and some evidence suggests that it carries chemical singals
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NAME
its functions include cushioning the CNS organs, reducing brain wieght by 97%, preventing the brain from crushing under its own weight, protects the brain and spinal cord from tramuas, helps to nourish the brain, and some evidence suggests that it carries chemical singals |
CSF
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What does CSF stand for?
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cerebrospinal fluid
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How is the CSF similar to blood plasma?
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the CSF contains less protien than plasma and its ion centration is different
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What is the total CSF volume of adults?
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150 ml
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What is the function of the chorid plexuses?
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help cleanse the CSF by the removing of waste products and unneccessary solutes
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NAME
helps cleanse the CSF by removing of waste products and unnneccessary solutes |
CSF vol
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What helps keep the CSF fluid moving?
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ependymal cells
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What is hydrocephalus?
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is a condtion in which something obstructs the CSF's circulation or drainage resulting in the CSF accumalting and exerating pressure on the brain
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NAME
is a conidtion in which something obstructs the CSF's circulation or drainage and the CSF accumaltes and exerates pressure on the brain |
hydrocephalus
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NAME
is a protective mechanism that helps to maintain a stable environment for the brain |
blood-brian barrier
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What separetes the bloodborne substances in the brain's capillaries? (3)
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(1)the continous endothelium of the capillary wall (2)a relatively thick basal lamina surrounding the thick external face of each capillary (3)the bulbous "feet" of the astrocytes clinging to the capillaries
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Why does bloodborne alcholol, nicotine, and anesthitics affect the brain?
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bc the blood brain barrier is ineffective against fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other fat soluble molecules
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What is a concussion?
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occurs when a brain injury is slight and the symptoms are mild and short lived
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NAME
occurs when the brian injury is slight and the sypmptoms are mild and short lived |
concussion
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What is contusion?
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is caused by marked brain tissue destruction
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NAME
is caused by marked brian tissue destuction |
contusion
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Following a head blow, death may result from (1) or (2)
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(1)subdural (2)subarrachnoic hemorrhage
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What is subarchnoid hemorrhage?
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bleeding from ruptured vessels into those spaces
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NAME
are bleeding from ruptured vessels into those spaces |
subarachnoid hemorrhage
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What is cerebral edema?
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is the swelling of the brain bc of a traumatic head injury
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NAME
is the swelling of the brain bc of traumatic head injury |
cerebral edema
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What does CVA stand for?
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cerebrovasucular accidents
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What causes a CVA?
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occurs when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies
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NAME
are also called brain attacks |
CVA
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NAME
occurs when blood circulation to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue dies |
CVA
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What is ischemia?
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is any deprivation of blood supply to any tissue
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NAME
is any deprivation of blood supply to any tissue |
ischemia
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What does TIAs stand for?
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transeint ischemic attacks
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What is a TIAs?
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are temporary episodes of reverisble cerebral ischemia
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NAME
are temporary episodes of reverisble cerebral ischemia |
TIAs
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What does AD stand for?
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Alzhemier disease
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NAME
is a progressive degenerative disease of the brian that ultimately results in demintia |
AD
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What is AD?
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is a progressive degenerative disease of the brain that ultimately results in deminita
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What is Parkinsons's disease?
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results from a degeneration of the dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
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NAME
a disease that results from a degeneration of the dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra |
Parkisnson's disease
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What is the spinal cord?
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provides a two way conduction pathway to and from the brain and it a major relfex center
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NAME
provides a two way pathway conduction pathway to and from the brain and is a major reflex center |
spinal cord
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What protects the spinal cord?
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(1)bone (2)meninges (3)CSF
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What is the spinal dura sheath?
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is a single layed dura mater of the spinal cord that is NOT attached to the vetrbral column
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NAME
is a single layered dura mater of the spinal cord that is not attached to the vetrebral column |
spinal dura sheath
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What is the epidural space?
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is a space btwn the bony vertebrae and the dural sheath that is filled w soft padding of fat and a network of veins
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NAME
is a space btwn the bony vertebrae and the dural sheath that is filled w soft padding of fat and a network of veins |
epidural space
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Where does the spinal cord typically end?
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L1
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What is the lumbar puncture?
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is the removal of the CSF fluid from the subarchnoid space
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NAME
is the removal of the CSF fluid from the subarchoid space for testing |
lumbar puncture
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What is the consus medullaris?
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is a cone shaped structure by which the spinal cord terminates
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NAME
is a cone shaped structure by which the spinal cord terminates |
consus medullaris
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What is the filum terminale?
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is a fibrous extension of the pia mater
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NAME
is a fibrous extension of the pia mater |
filum terminale
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The spinal column is the width of a (1)
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thumb
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Describe the growth of vertebral column and the spinal cord?
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the vertebral coloumn grows faster than the spinal cord forcing the lower spinal cord nerve roots to "chase" thier exit points inferiorly through the vertebral canal
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the cross section of the gray matter of the cord looks like the letter (1) or a (2)
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H or butterfly
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What are the two posterior projections of the gray matter?
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posterior and anterior roots
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All nuerons whose cells are present in the spinal cord gray matter are (1)
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multipolar
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T or F
All the neurons whose cells are present in the spinal cord gray matter are multipolar |
true
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What are the lateral horns?
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are present in the throacic and superior lumbar segments of the cord
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NAME
are present in the throacic and superior lumbar segments of the cord |
lateral horns
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What are the spinal nerves?
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are the dorsal and ventral roots that are very short and are fused together
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NAME
are the dorsal and ventral roots that are very short and are fused together to form this |
spinal nerves
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What are the four zones of the gray matter?
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(1)SS (2)VS (3)VM (4)SM
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What does SS stand for?
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somatic sensory
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What does VS stand for?
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viscreal sensory
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What does SM stand for?
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somatic motor
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What does VM stand for?
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visceral motor
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What is white matter composed of?
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myelinated and unmylinated nerve fibers
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What are the directions that the myelinated and unmyelinated fiber run in the white matter? (3)
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(1)ascending (2)descending (3)transverly
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NAME
the myelinated and unmyleinated fibers of this can run ascending, descending, and transversely |
white matter
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NAME
this means that the fibers run from up to higher centers (sensory inputs) |
ascending
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NAME
this means that the nerve fibers run down to the cord from the brain or w/in the cord to lower levels (motor outputs) |
descending
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NAME
this means that the nerve fibers run across from one side of the cord to the other (commissural fibers) |
transversely
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The white matter on each side of the cord is divided into three (1)
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white columns
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The white columns can also be refered to as the (1)
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fubiculi
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the (1) can also be refered to as he fubiculi
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white column
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What are the three white columns?
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anterior, posterior, lateral funiculi
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T or F
all major spinal tracts are part of the multineuron pathways that connect the brain to the body peripheral |
True
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What are four generalizations that can be made about nerve tracts?
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(1)most pathways cross from one side of the CNS to the other at some point along thier journay (2)most consist of a chain of two or three neurons that contribute to successive tracts of the pathway (3)most exhibit somatotphy (4)all pathways and tracts are paired w a memember of the pair present on each side of the spinal cord or brain
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What is somatotpy?
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is a precise spatial relationship among the tract fibers that reflects the orderly mapping of the body
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NAME
is a presice spatial relationship among the tract fibers that reflects the orderly mapping of the body |
somatotopy
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the ascending pathways conduct sensory impulses upward typically through the (1)
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chains of three succive neurons (first, second, and third)
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NAME
their cell bodies reside in a gangalion conduct the impulses from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from proprioceptors to the spinal cord or the brain stem |
first-order neurons
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What are first order neurons?
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their cell bodies reside in a gangalion conduct the impulses from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from the cutaneous receptors of the skin and from proprioceptors to the spinal cord or the brain stem
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What are second-order neurons?
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thier cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or in medullary nuclei, and transmit impulses to the thalamus or to the cerebellum where they synapse
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NAME
thier cell bodies reside in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord or in medullary nuclei and transmit impulses to the thalamus or the cerebellum where they synapse |
second-order neurons
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What are third-order neurons?
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are located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum
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NAME
are located in the thalamus and conduct impulses to the somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum |
third order neurons
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What are nonspecfic ascending pathways?
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receive inputs from many different types of sensory receptors and makem multiple synapses in the brain stem
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NAME
receive inputs from many different types of sensory receptors and make multiple synapses in the brain stem |
nonspecfic ascending pathways
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Nonspecfic ascending pathways are also called (1)
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anterolateral pathways
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(1)are also called anterolateral pathways
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nonspecfic ascending pathways
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What is paralysis?
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the loss of motor functions
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NAME
is the loss of motor functions |
paralysis
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Any localized damage to the spinal cord or its roots leads to some functional loss or either (1)
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paralysis
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What is paraesthesias?
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sensory loss
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NAME
refers to sensory loss |
parasthesias
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Severe damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells results in (1)
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flaccid paralysis
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Severe damage to the (1) cell may result in flaccid paralysis
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ventral root or anterior horn cells
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When does spastic paralysis ocur?
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when only the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged
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NAME
ocurs when only the upper motor neurons of the primary motor cortex are damaged |
spastic paralysis
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What is paraplegia?
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if the lower transection occurs btwn T1 and L1 and both the lower limbs are affected
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NAME
is if the lower transection occurs btwn T1 and L1 and both the lower limbs are affected |
paraplegia
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What is quadriplegia?
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is if the injury occurs in the cervical region and all four limbs are affected
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NAME
is if the injury occurs in the cervical region and all four limbs are affected |
quadriplegia
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What is hermiplegia?
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is the paralysis of one side of the body
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NAME
is the paralysis of one side of the body |
hermiplegia
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Anyone w traumatic spinal cord injury must be watched for (1)
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spinal shock
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What is spinal shock?
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a transient period of functional loss that follows a spinal injury
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NAME
is a transient period of functional loss that follows a spinal injury |
spinal shock
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What is poliomyeltis?
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results from the destruction of anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus
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NAME
results from the destruction of the anterior horn motor neurons by the poliovirus |
poliomyeltis
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What can lead to cerebral palsy?
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in diffuclt delvieries when they may be a lack of oxygen
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What is cebebral palsy?
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is a neuromuscular disiability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled or paralyzed as a result of brain damage
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NAME
is a neuromuscular disiability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled or paralyzed as a result of brain damage |
cerebral palsy
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What is anencephaly?
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is when the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop persumably bc the neural fold fail to fuse rostrally
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NAME
is when the cerebrum and part of the brain stem never develop persumably bc the neural fold fails to fuse rostrally |
anencepahly
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NAME
children with this disorder are totally vegetatbles, unable to see, hear, or process sensory input and death usally ocurs after birth |
anencephaly
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What is spinal bifida?
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results from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and typically involves the lumbosacral region
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NAME
results from the incomplete formation of the vertebral arches and typically involves the lumboscaral region |
spinal bifida
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What are ones of the last areas of the CNS to mature?
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hypothalamus
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