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81 Cards in this Set

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Difference between cytoplasm & cytosol
Cytoplasm is gel-like substance between cell membrane and nucleus, including organelles. Cytosol is liquid part of cytoplasm, excluding organelles (cytoplasm contains cytosol)
What is an Organelle?
Subunit within cell that has specific functions and sometimes own membrane.
Function of Nucleus
"Control center of cell" contains DNA and controls synthesis of proteins--controlling "who you are" by deciding which proteins and enzymes are made in body.
Interstitial fluid
Extracellular fluid (Watery medium)
Differences between Intra and extracellular fluid.
Charge--cell slightly more negative on inside. Sodium concentrated in extracellular, Potassium concentrated in intracellular fluid. Extracellular is transport medium, while intracellular has inclusions such as carbs, lipids, etc.
Functions of Cellular Membrane
Physical barrier from outside of cell
Selectively permeable & allows certain substances inside cell while keeping others out (phospholipid bilayer)
Sensitivity to environment, structural support.
Difference between Integral & Peripheral Proteins
integral are apart of membrane and cannot be removed without damaging it, peripheral are bound to outer surface and can be easily removed.
Functions of proteins in cell membrane
Receptors--sensitive to certain extracellular molecules
Channels/carriers--allow certain substances (fat insoluble) to pass through membrane
Enzymes--catalysts for reactions
Anchoring--attaches membrane to other structures.
Cholesterol--what type of compound, and what is its function in membrane?
Organic compounds--fat. It makes membrane slightly more rigid.
Glycolipids/proteins
Glycolipid=Carb attached to diglyceride
Glycoprotein=Large protein attached to small carbs

They are components of cell membrane
Microvilli
projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area of the cell

Ex. Intestinal cells
Describe the three types of junctions
Tight Junction--lipid portion of membrane tightly bound, does not allow for leakage or any materials to pass through (not even water)--found in lining of stomach

Gap Junction--Channels/pores between cells, allows for some substance to move through. Found in smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue--essential for muscle contraction

Desmosome--CAMs & proteoglycans attach opposing membranes , allows for some flexibility. Found in superficial layers of skin.
Difference between inclusion & organelle
Organelle is subunit of cell with specific function, whereas inclusion is deposit of dissolved material within cell (lipids, carbs, pigment granules, etc.) with no specific function.
membranous/non-membranous organelles--difference
Membranous organelles are surrounded by phospholipid membrane similar to cell membrane, and non-membranous organelles have no membrane separating them from the cytosol.
Examples of membranous organelles
Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Rough ER, Perixosome, Golgi Apparatus
Examples of non-membranous organelles
Cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles
Differences in Nuclear & cell membrane
Nuclear membrane has double (4 layers) of phospholipids and has nuclear pores on surface.
Can cells be multi/anucleate? Examples?
Yes & yes. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate, and red blood cells are anucleate.
Chromatin
DNA + histones (when cell is not dividing--interphase)
Chromosomes
Condensed form of DNA when cell is dividing
What are histones?
Proteins in Nucleus that package DNA into structural units.
Functions of Nucleolus
Synthesizes ribosomes
Can cell have more than one Nucleolus?
Yes
Functions of Mitochondria
"Power house" of the cell--uses oxygen to break down Glucose and make ATP (cellular respiration)
Singular form of "Mitochondria"
Mitochondrion
Crista/cristae
Folds on the inner membrane of Mitochondria's double membrane
Reaction of Cellular Respiration
O2 + C6H12O6--> H2O + CO2 + ATP + Heat
What is significant about mitochondria?
Has its own DNA--They vary widely in shape and number--cells have certain number of mitochondria depending on energy demands.
Function of Ribosomes--Two types
Protein synthesis

Free--Free floating in cytoplasm
Fixed--Attached to Rough ER
Messenger ("M") RNA
Comes from DNA--Tells Ribosomes which proteins to make
Difference between proteins made at free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes.
Proteins @ fixed ribosomes enter rough ER for export. Proteins @ free ribosomes enter cytosol for use by cell.
What does "reticulum" mean?
Network
Functions of Smooth ER
Has no ribosomes--Synthesis of fats (Triglycerides, phospolipids, steroids)
Functions of Rough ER
Has ribosomes--transports proteins
Types of proteins made @ Rough ER--which cells have a lot of Rough ER?
Enzymes that function in ER, Glycoproteins made here--pancreatic cells would need alot
Functions of Golgi Complex
Membranous sacs that packages secretions for export
Secretory vesicles V. Transport vesicles
Secretory involved in exocytosis (moves molecules out of cell)

Transport vesicles move molecules inside cell.
Functions of Lysosomes
isolated environment for dangerous chemical reactions, digest other cells & substances (bacteria, damaged organelles) Abundant in muscle cells.
Functions of Peroxisomes
Made from existing peroxisomes (free ribosomes as well) involved in detoxification and oxidation--neutralize free radicals. Found in liver.
Cytoskeleton
Made up of microtubules (movement) & microfilaments (strength & structure).
What are microtubules made of? Microfilaments?
Microtubules= Tubulin
Microfilaments=Actin
What are some structures within the cell made of microtubules?
Cilia, centrioles, cytoskeleton
Centrosome Vs. Centrioles
Centrosome is area of cytoplasm surrounding centrioles--microtubule organizing center (1 in each cell).

Centrioles (2) are made up of microtubules
Two types of cell transport:
Active (requires ATP)
Passive (no ATP requirement)
Characteristics substance must have to be transported across membrane?
Size (smaller pass easier)
Charge (inside slightly more negative than outside)
Fat soluble (non-polar, dissolve in fats)
Protein carrier (Carrier needed if not fat-soluble)
Examples of passive transport?
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion
Filtration
Examples of Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Diffusion
Movement of substance from higher to lower concentration

Example: A fire produces smoke--smoke quickly diffuses to the areas of room where there is no smoke.
Factors that affect rate of diffusion:
Temperature, distance, molecule size, electrical forces, concentration gradient
Facilitated diffusion--what types of compounds would move into cell by this process?
movement from higher to lower concentration w/ help of carrier (integral) protein in membrane.

Polar compounds (Glucose, water, salts, sugars, etc.) would move into cell by this process.
Osmosis
Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration (semipermeable membrane)
Protein channels for water are called?
Aquaporins
Isotonic solution
One that does not cause flow of water in or outside cell
Hypertonic solution
Causes flow of water outside cell (cell shrivels--higher salt concentration outside cell, draws water out)
Hypotonic Solution
Causes flow of water inside cell (cell swells)
Hemolysis/Crenation
Bursting of cell--shrinking of cell
What is normal salt content of body?
0.9% NaCl
Filtration
Movement of substance from high concentration to low through filtration membrane.
NA+/K+ exchange pump
Keeps Na & K in their proper intra/extracellular concentrations. Pumps sodium outside of cell & Potassium inside of cell (3 Na for every 2 K reclaimed) Requires ATP b/c it is active transport.
Endocytosis/Exocytosis
Cell engulfs particles (proteins, etc.)
Cell excretes molecules.
Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis
Would they require ATP?
Endocytosis (solid molecules)
Endocytosis (liquids)

Yes--active transport
Mitosis
Nuclear Division (Produces identical daughter cells)
How many chromosomes do human cells have ?
46--23 from each parent
In what phase is DNA duplicated?
S phases of Interphase
What happens during Interphase? What are the three phases of Interphase?
Preparation for cell division.

G1 (Growth, organelle division, protein synthesis.
S (DNA replication)
G2 (More growth)
Cytokinesis
Division of cytoplasm into two new daughter cells
Prophase
Chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane disappears, centrosomes/centrioles move to opposite ends of cell.
What is the order of phases in Mitosis?
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

(Interphase is not technically apart of Mitosis)
Metaphase
Centromeres of chromosomes aligned on metaphase plate (middle)
Anaphase
Microtubules pull chromosomes apart at centromeres (sister chromatids split)
Telophase
Nuclear membrane reforms, cleavage furrow forms, chromosomes gradually uncoil.
Which cells do not readily undergo mitosis?
Skeletal muscle cells
Which cells undergo mitosis at rapid rate?
Blood cells, stem cells, cells of stomach lining.
Centromere
Center of chromosomes--holds sister chromatids together.
Difference between Mitosis & Meiosis?
Meiosis is division of sex cells, mitosis is division of all other (somatic) cells.
homologous chromosomes
Approx. same length, staining pattern, centromere position
Diploid/Haploid cells
2 sets of homologous chromosomes, 1 set of daughter cells.
Contact inhibition
Arresting cell growth when two or more cells come in contact with one another.
Benign tumor
Tumor confined to epithelium
Malignant tumor
Tumor that spread to other tissues/organs of body
What does it mean to say a tumor "Metastasized?"
Formed secondary tumors on body by spreading to other tissues & organs.