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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Difference between cytoplasm & cytosol
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Cytoplasm is gel-like substance between cell membrane and nucleus, including organelles. Cytosol is liquid part of cytoplasm, excluding organelles (cytoplasm contains cytosol)
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What is an Organelle?
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Subunit within cell that has specific functions and sometimes own membrane.
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Function of Nucleus
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"Control center of cell" contains DNA and controls synthesis of proteins--controlling "who you are" by deciding which proteins and enzymes are made in body.
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Interstitial fluid
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Extracellular fluid (Watery medium)
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Differences between Intra and extracellular fluid.
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Charge--cell slightly more negative on inside. Sodium concentrated in extracellular, Potassium concentrated in intracellular fluid. Extracellular is transport medium, while intracellular has inclusions such as carbs, lipids, etc.
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Functions of Cellular Membrane
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Physical barrier from outside of cell
Selectively permeable & allows certain substances inside cell while keeping others out (phospholipid bilayer) Sensitivity to environment, structural support. |
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Difference between Integral & Peripheral Proteins
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integral are apart of membrane and cannot be removed without damaging it, peripheral are bound to outer surface and can be easily removed.
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Functions of proteins in cell membrane
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Receptors--sensitive to certain extracellular molecules
Channels/carriers--allow certain substances (fat insoluble) to pass through membrane Enzymes--catalysts for reactions Anchoring--attaches membrane to other structures. |
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Cholesterol--what type of compound, and what is its function in membrane?
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Organic compounds--fat. It makes membrane slightly more rigid.
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Glycolipids/proteins
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Glycolipid=Carb attached to diglyceride
Glycoprotein=Large protein attached to small carbs They are components of cell membrane |
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Microvilli
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projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area of the cell
Ex. Intestinal cells |
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Describe the three types of junctions
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Tight Junction--lipid portion of membrane tightly bound, does not allow for leakage or any materials to pass through (not even water)--found in lining of stomach
Gap Junction--Channels/pores between cells, allows for some substance to move through. Found in smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue--essential for muscle contraction Desmosome--CAMs & proteoglycans attach opposing membranes , allows for some flexibility. Found in superficial layers of skin. |
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Difference between inclusion & organelle
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Organelle is subunit of cell with specific function, whereas inclusion is deposit of dissolved material within cell (lipids, carbs, pigment granules, etc.) with no specific function.
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membranous/non-membranous organelles--difference
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Membranous organelles are surrounded by phospholipid membrane similar to cell membrane, and non-membranous organelles have no membrane separating them from the cytosol.
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Examples of membranous organelles
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Nucleus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Rough ER, Perixosome, Golgi Apparatus
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Examples of non-membranous organelles
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Cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles
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Differences in Nuclear & cell membrane
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Nuclear membrane has double (4 layers) of phospholipids and has nuclear pores on surface.
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Can cells be multi/anucleate? Examples?
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Yes & yes. Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleate, and red blood cells are anucleate.
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Chromatin
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DNA + histones (when cell is not dividing--interphase)
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Chromosomes
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Condensed form of DNA when cell is dividing
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What are histones?
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Proteins in Nucleus that package DNA into structural units.
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Functions of Nucleolus
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Synthesizes ribosomes
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Can cell have more than one Nucleolus?
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Yes
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Functions of Mitochondria
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"Power house" of the cell--uses oxygen to break down Glucose and make ATP (cellular respiration)
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Singular form of "Mitochondria"
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Mitochondrion
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Crista/cristae
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Folds on the inner membrane of Mitochondria's double membrane
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Reaction of Cellular Respiration
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O2 + C6H12O6--> H2O + CO2 + ATP + Heat
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What is significant about mitochondria?
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Has its own DNA--They vary widely in shape and number--cells have certain number of mitochondria depending on energy demands.
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Function of Ribosomes--Two types
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Protein synthesis
Free--Free floating in cytoplasm Fixed--Attached to Rough ER |
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Messenger ("M") RNA
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Comes from DNA--Tells Ribosomes which proteins to make
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Difference between proteins made at free ribosomes and fixed ribosomes.
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Proteins @ fixed ribosomes enter rough ER for export. Proteins @ free ribosomes enter cytosol for use by cell.
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What does "reticulum" mean?
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Network
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Functions of Smooth ER
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Has no ribosomes--Synthesis of fats (Triglycerides, phospolipids, steroids)
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Functions of Rough ER
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Has ribosomes--transports proteins
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Types of proteins made @ Rough ER--which cells have a lot of Rough ER?
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Enzymes that function in ER, Glycoproteins made here--pancreatic cells would need alot
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Functions of Golgi Complex
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Membranous sacs that packages secretions for export
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Secretory vesicles V. Transport vesicles
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Secretory involved in exocytosis (moves molecules out of cell)
Transport vesicles move molecules inside cell. |
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Functions of Lysosomes
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isolated environment for dangerous chemical reactions, digest other cells & substances (bacteria, damaged organelles) Abundant in muscle cells.
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Functions of Peroxisomes
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Made from existing peroxisomes (free ribosomes as well) involved in detoxification and oxidation--neutralize free radicals. Found in liver.
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Cytoskeleton
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Made up of microtubules (movement) & microfilaments (strength & structure).
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What are microtubules made of? Microfilaments?
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Microtubules= Tubulin
Microfilaments=Actin |
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What are some structures within the cell made of microtubules?
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Cilia, centrioles, cytoskeleton
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Centrosome Vs. Centrioles
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Centrosome is area of cytoplasm surrounding centrioles--microtubule organizing center (1 in each cell).
Centrioles (2) are made up of microtubules |
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Two types of cell transport:
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Active (requires ATP)
Passive (no ATP requirement) |
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Characteristics substance must have to be transported across membrane?
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Size (smaller pass easier)
Charge (inside slightly more negative than outside) Fat soluble (non-polar, dissolve in fats) Protein carrier (Carrier needed if not fat-soluble) |
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Examples of passive transport?
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Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion Diffusion Filtration |
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Examples of Active transport
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Endocytosis
Exocytosis Phagocytosis Pinocytosis |
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Diffusion
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Movement of substance from higher to lower concentration
Example: A fire produces smoke--smoke quickly diffuses to the areas of room where there is no smoke. |
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Factors that affect rate of diffusion:
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Temperature, distance, molecule size, electrical forces, concentration gradient
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Facilitated diffusion--what types of compounds would move into cell by this process?
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movement from higher to lower concentration w/ help of carrier (integral) protein in membrane.
Polar compounds (Glucose, water, salts, sugars, etc.) would move into cell by this process. |
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Osmosis
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Movement of water from high concentration to low concentration (semipermeable membrane)
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Protein channels for water are called?
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Aquaporins
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Isotonic solution
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One that does not cause flow of water in or outside cell
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Hypertonic solution
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Causes flow of water outside cell (cell shrivels--higher salt concentration outside cell, draws water out)
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Hypotonic Solution
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Causes flow of water inside cell (cell swells)
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Hemolysis/Crenation
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Bursting of cell--shrinking of cell
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What is normal salt content of body?
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0.9% NaCl
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Filtration
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Movement of substance from high concentration to low through filtration membrane.
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NA+/K+ exchange pump
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Keeps Na & K in their proper intra/extracellular concentrations. Pumps sodium outside of cell & Potassium inside of cell (3 Na for every 2 K reclaimed) Requires ATP b/c it is active transport.
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Endocytosis/Exocytosis
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Cell engulfs particles (proteins, etc.)
Cell excretes molecules. |
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Pinocytosis/Phagocytosis
Would they require ATP? |
Endocytosis (solid molecules)
Endocytosis (liquids) Yes--active transport |
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Mitosis
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Nuclear Division (Produces identical daughter cells)
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How many chromosomes do human cells have ?
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46--23 from each parent
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In what phase is DNA duplicated?
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S phases of Interphase
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What happens during Interphase? What are the three phases of Interphase?
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Preparation for cell division.
G1 (Growth, organelle division, protein synthesis. S (DNA replication) G2 (More growth) |
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Cytokinesis
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Division of cytoplasm into two new daughter cells
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Prophase
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Chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear membrane disappears, centrosomes/centrioles move to opposite ends of cell.
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What is the order of phases in Mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
(Interphase is not technically apart of Mitosis) |
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Metaphase
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Centromeres of chromosomes aligned on metaphase plate (middle)
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Anaphase
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Microtubules pull chromosomes apart at centromeres (sister chromatids split)
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Telophase
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Nuclear membrane reforms, cleavage furrow forms, chromosomes gradually uncoil.
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Which cells do not readily undergo mitosis?
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Skeletal muscle cells
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Which cells undergo mitosis at rapid rate?
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Blood cells, stem cells, cells of stomach lining.
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Centromere
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Center of chromosomes--holds sister chromatids together.
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Difference between Mitosis & Meiosis?
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Meiosis is division of sex cells, mitosis is division of all other (somatic) cells.
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homologous chromosomes
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Approx. same length, staining pattern, centromere position
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Diploid/Haploid cells
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2 sets of homologous chromosomes, 1 set of daughter cells.
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Contact inhibition
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Arresting cell growth when two or more cells come in contact with one another.
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Benign tumor
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Tumor confined to epithelium
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Malignant tumor
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Tumor that spread to other tissues/organs of body
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What does it mean to say a tumor "Metastasized?"
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Formed secondary tumors on body by spreading to other tissues & organs.
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