A&p I - Ch.1 (All)

Front 1

What is Anatomy and how is it studied?

Back 1

• Science of body structures and relationships

• Studied by dissection and imaging techniques
  

Front 2

What is Physiology?

Back 2

Science of body functions

Front 3

Embryology

Back 3

Study of first 8 weeks after egg fertilization

(branch of anatomy)

Front 4

Developmental Biology

Back 4

Study of complete development from fertilization to death.

(branch of anatomy)

Front 5

Cell biology

Back 5

Study of cellular structure and functions

(branch of anatomy)

Front 6

Histology

Back 6

Study of microscopic structure of tissues

(branch of anatomy)

Front 7

Gross Anatomy

Back 7

Study of structures that can be examined without a microscope.

(branch of anatomy)

Front 8

Systemic Anatomy

Back 8

Study of structure of specific systems of the body (i.e. respiratory system)

(branch of anatomy)

Front 9

Regional Anatomy

Back 9

Study of specific regions of the body such as head or chest

(branch of anatomy)

Front 10

Surface Anatomy

Back 10

Study of surface markings of body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.

(branch of anatomy)

Front 11

Imaging Anatomy

Back 11

Study of body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI and CT scans

(branch of anatomy)

Front 12

Pathological Anatomy

Back 12

Study of structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease.

(branch of anatomy)

Front 13

Neurophysiology

Back 13

Study of functional properties of nerve cells

Front 14

Endocrinology

Back 14

Study of hormones and how they control body functions

Front 15

cardiovascular physiology

Back 15

Study of functions of heart and blood vessels

Front 16

immunology

Back 16

Study of the body's defenses against disease causing agents

Front 17

respiratory physiology

Back 17

Study of functions of air passageways and lungs

Front 18

renal physiology

Back 18

Study a functions of the kidneys

Front 19

exercise physiology

Back 19

Study of changes in the cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

Front 20

pathophysiology

Back 20

Study of functional changes associated with disease and aging

Front 21

6 levels of structural organization

of human body

Back 21

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System
6. Organismal
   

Front 22

7 Essential Atoms for Life

Back 22

(C) Carbon (P) Phosphorus

(H) Hydrogen (Ca) Calcium

(O) Oxygen (S) Sulfur

(N) Nitrogen

Front 23

Cells

Back 23

basic structural and functional living units of an organism and the smallest living units in the human body

Front 24

Tissues

Back 24

groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function

Front 25

organs

Back 25

composed of two or more different types of tissues. They have specific functions and usually recognizable shapes

Front 26

4 basic types of tissues

Back 26

• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscular
• Nervous
  

Front 27

System

Back 27

Consists of related organs with common

functions

11 systems in the body

Front 28

Organism

Back 28

• Any living individual
• total living form
• all parts of the body functioning together
  

Front 29

4 noninvasive diagnostic techniques

Back 29

• Inspection
• Palpation (gently touching with hands)
• Auscultation (listening to body sounds)
• Percussion (Tapping on body surface with fingertips and listening to echoes)
  

Front 30

Inspection

Back 30

• Examiner observes body for changes that deviate from normal

(i.e. examine mouth cavity for signs of disease)

Front 31

Palpation

Back 31

• Gently touching
• examiner feels body services with hands
• i.e. palpating abdomen to detect enlarged or tender organs or mass
  

Front 32

11 systems of human body

Back 32

Integumentary skeletal
Muscular nervous
Endocrine cardiovascular
Lymphatic respiratory
Digestive urinary
Reproductive

Front 33

5 Components of

Integumentary System

Back 33

• Skin
• nails
• hair
• sweat glands
• oil glands
  

Front 34

6 functions of Integumentary System

Back 34

• Protects body
• helps regulate body temperature
• eliminates some waste
• helps make vitamin D
• detects sensations (i.e. touch, pain, warm, cold)
• stores fat and provides insulation
  

Front 35

Three components of skeletal system

Back 35

• Bones
• joints
• cartilages
  

Front 36

Five functions of skeletal system

Back 36

1. Support: framework for body
2. Movement: muscular attachment
3. Protection: brain, spinal cord, thorax, etc
4. Mineral & Lipid Storage: Ca, P, etc and lipids in yellow marrow
5. Hemopoiesis: blood cell formation in red marrow
   

Front 37

Three components of muscular system

Back 37

Skeletal muscle tissues

Smooth muscle tissues

Cardiac muscle tissues

Front 38

Four components of nervous system

Back 38

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Special sense organs (i.e. eyes, ears)

Front 39

10 components of endocrine system

Back 39

Pineal gland

pituitary gland

hypothalamus

thyroid gland

parathyroid glands

adrenal glands

pancreas

thymus

ovaries or testes

liver

Front 40

5 functions of endocrine system

Back 40

Regulate cellular activity for:

1. Metabolism
2. Growth
3. Development
4. Homeostasis
5. Reproduction
   

Front 41

Three components of cardiovascular system

Back 41

Blood
Heart
Blood vessels

Front 42

2 functions of cardiovascular system

Back 42

1. Transport: O2, CO2, food, wastes, hormones
2. Homeostasis: pH, temperature, defense, clotting, ion and fluid balance
   

Front 43

Six components of the lymphatic system

Back 43

Spleen
Tonsils
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic fluids and vessels
Lymphocytes (B cells & T cells)

Front 44

Three functions of lymphatic system

Back 44

• Fluid homeostasis: returns proteins & fluid to blood
• Transport: lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood
• Protection: part of immune response; involves lymph nodes, thymus spleen

Front 45

6 components of respiratory system

Back 45

Nasal Cavity
Pharynx (throat)
Larynx (voicebox)
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchi
Lungs

Front 46

three functions of respiratory system

Back 46

• Exchanges O2 and CO2
• helps regulate acid-base balance body fluids
• air flowing out to vocal chords produces sound
  

Front 47

12 components of digestive system

Back 47

Salivary gland large intestine
Oral Cavity small intestine
Pharynx rectum
Esophagus anus
Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Gallbladder

Front 48

Three functions of the digestive system

Back 48

• Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
• absorb nutrients
• eliminate solid wastes
  

Front 49

Four components of urinary system

Back 49

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

Front 50

Five functions of urinary system

Back 50

• Produces, stores and eliminate urine
• eliminates waste and regulates volume & Chemical composition of blood
• helps maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
• maintain body's mineral balance
• helps regulate production of red blood cells
  

Front 51

5 components of female reproductive system

Back 51

Ovaries (gonads)
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Mammary glands

Front 52

6 components of male reproductive system

Back 52

Penis
Testes (Gonads)
Epididymis
Ductus (vas deferens)
Seminal Vesicles
Prostate

Front 53

four functions of reproductive system

Back 53

• Gonads produce gamets (sperm/oocytes) that unite to form new organism
• gonads release hormones that regulate reproduction & other body processes.
• associated organs transport & store gametes.
• mammary glands produce milk
  

Front 54

six basic life processes

Back 54

1. Metabolism
2. responsiveness
3. movement
4. Growth
5. differentiation
6. reproduction

processes distinguished living from nonliving things

Front 55

Metabolism

Back 55

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body

Front 56

Catabolism

Back 56

catabol = throwing down ism=condition

the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components

Front 57

Anabolism

Back 57

Anabol= raising up ism=condition

the building up of complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components

Front 58

Two phases of metabolism

Back 58

Catabolism (breaking down)

Anabolism (building up)

Front 59

Responsiveness

Back 59

Body's ability to detect, process, and respond to changes

Each individual cell

i.e. Decrease in body temp, respond to sound, nerve (Electrical signals) and muscle cells (Contracting)

Front 60

Movement

Back 60

Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells

Front 61

Growth

Back 61

• Due to increased in size of existing cells, increasing number of cells, or both
• also, tissue sometimes increases in size because of increase in materials between cells
  

Front 62

Differentiation

Back 62

Development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state

Front 63

Stem cells

Back 63

Give rise to cells that undergo differentiation

Front 64

Reproduction

Back 64

• Formation of new cells (growth, repair or replacement)
• production a new individual
  

Front 65

homeostasis

Back 65

The condition of equilibrium (Balance) in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the bodies many regulatory processes

• Dynamic condition
• narrow range compatible with maintaining life
  

Front 66

In response to changing conditions, the body's equilibrium can shift among points in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life. What is an example of this?

Back 66

blood glucose levels range between 70 and 110 mg of glucose/dL of blood

glucose is the major energy source for all eukaryotic cells

Front 67

Maintaining the ________ and ________ of body fluids are important aspect of homeostasis

Back 67

Volume

Composition

Front 68

Fluid within the cells is called

Back 68

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

Front 69

Fluid outside of the body cells is called

Back 69

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

Front 70

Interstitial fluid

Back 70

ECF that fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissues

Front 71

Blood plasma

Back 71

ECF within blood vessels

Front 72

Lymph

Back 72

ECF within lymphatic vessels

Front 73

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Back 73

ECF in the brain and spinal cord

Front 74

Synovial fluid

Back 74

ECF in the joints

Front 75

Aqueous humor and vitreous body

Back 75

ECF in eyes

Front 76

3 facts about interstitial fluid and body function

Back 76

• Is call the body's internal environment because it surrounds all body cells
• Cellular function depends on the regulation of the composition of interstitial fluid
• composition of interstitial fluid changes as substances move back and forth between eight and blood plasma
  

Front 77

How does the composition of interstitial fluid change as it moves?

Back 77

Movement back and forth across capillary walls provide nutrients (Glucose, oxygen, ions) to tissue cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide)

Front 78

3 ways homeostasis is constantly being
disrupted

Back 78

• Physical insults (intense heat, lack of oxygen)
• changes in internal environment (Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food)
• physiological stress (demands of work)

Front 79

Feedback system

Back 79

cycle of events in which the status of a body
condition (controlled condition) is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated, and so on

Front 80

Controlled condition

Back 80

Each monitored variable, such as body temperature, blood pressure, or glucose level.

Front 81

3 the Basic components of a feedback system

Back 81

1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector
   

Front 82

Receptor

Back 82

• Body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition
• sends input to the control center
• input is typically in the form of nerve impulses or chemical signals
  
• for example, nerve endings in the skin sense temperature and can detect changes such as dramatic drop in temperature
  

Front 83

Control center

Back 83

• Sets the range of values be maintained
• evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command
• output typically occurs as nerve impulses or hormones
• for example Brain acts as a control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors
  

Front 84

effector

Back 84

• Receives output from control center
  
• Produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition
• found in nearly every organ or tissue
• example, body temperature drops, The brain (Control center) sends impulse to the skeletal muscles (effector) to contract. Result is shivering which generates heat raising body temperature
  

Front 85

Negative feedback systems

Back 85

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

• Regulation of blood pressure (Force exerted by blood as it presses against the walls of the blood vessels)
  

Front 86

Positive feedback systems

Back 86

Strengthen or reinforce change in one of the bodies control conditions

• Normal Child birth
  

Front 87

Negative feedback System: regulation of blood pressure

Back 87

1. Internal/external stimulus increase BP
2. baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptors) detect higher BP
3. and send nerve impulses to Brain (Control center) for interpretation
4. response sent via nerve impulses sent to effectors (heart and blood vessels)
5. BP drops and homeostasis is restored
6. Drop in BP negates the original stimulus
   

Front 88

Positive feedback System: normal childbirth

Back 88

1. uterine contractions cause vagina to open
2. stretch-sensitive receptors in cervix send impulse to brain (Control center)
   
3. Oxytocin is released into the blood
4. contractions (muscles = effectors) are enhanced and baby pushes farther Down the uterus
5. cycle continues until birth baby (no stretching)
   

Front 89

Positive feedback system: blood loss

Back 89

• Normal conditions: Heart pumps blood under pressure to body cells (oxygen and nutrients)
• severe blood loss:

1. blood pressure drops
2. cells receive less oxygen & function less efficiently
3. the Blood loss continues: heart cells that come weaker, heart doesn't pump, BP continues to fall
   

Front 90

Signs

Back 90

objective changes that can be observed and measured such as fever, rash, high blood pressure, or swelling

Front 91

symptoms

Back 91

subjective changes that are not apparent to and observer such as headache, nausea, and anxiety

Front 92

Disorder

Back 92

a general term for any abnormality of structure or function

Front 93

disease

Back 93

an illness with a definite set of signs and

symptoms

Front 94

epidemiology

Back 94

science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in the community

Front 95

pharmacology

Back 95

the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease

Front 96

diagnosis

Back 96

distinguishing one disorder or disease from

another

• signs and symptoms
• medical history
• physical examination
  

Front 97

anatomical position

Back 97

• body upright
• standing erect Facing the observer
• head and eyes facing forward
• feet are flat on the floor and forward
• upper limbs to the sides
• palms turned forward
  

Front 98

prone position

Back 98

body is lying facedown

Front 99

supine position

Back 99

bodies lying face up

Front 100

five principal regions

Back 100

• head: skull and face
• neck: supports the head and attaches to trunk
• trunk: chest, abdomen, pelvis
• upper limbs: attaches to trunk ( shoulder, armpit, and arm)
• lower limbs: attaches to trunk ( buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
  

Front 101

cephalic

Back 101

head

Front 102

cranial

Back 102

skull

Front 103

frontal

Back 103

forehead

Front 104

Temporal

Back 104

Temple

Front 105

eye

Back 105

orbital or occular

Front 106

Ear

Back 106

Otic

Front 107

cheek

Back 107

Buccal

Front 108

nose

Back 108

nasal

Front 109

chin

Back 109

mental

Front 110

sternal

Back 110

breast bone

Front 111

mammary

Back 111

breast

Front 112

chest

Back 112

thoracic

Front 113

umbilical

Back 113

naval

Front 114

hip

Back 114

Coxal

Front 115

pelvis

Back 115

pelvic

Front 116

groin

Back 116

inguinal

Front 117

thumb

Back 117

pollex

Front 118

neck

Back 118

cervical

Front 119

armpit

Back 119

axillary

Front 120

arm

Back 120

brachial

Front 121

front of elbow

Back 121

antecubital

Front 122

forearm

Back 122

antebrachial

Front 123

wrist

Back 123

carpal

Front 124

palm

Back 124

Palmar

Front 125

fingers

Back 125

digital or phalangeal

Front 126

thigh

Back 126

femoral

Front 127

anterior surface of knee

Back 127

patellar

Front 128

leg

Back 128

crural

Front 129

foot

Back 129

pedal

Front 130

ankle

Back 130

tarsal

Front 131

toes

Back 131

digital or phalangeal

Front 132

pubic

Back 132

pubis

Front 133

top of foot

Back 133

dorsum

Front 134

great toe

Back 134

hallux

Front 135

Base of skull

Back 135

occipital

Front 136

shoulder blade

Back 136

scapular

Front 137

spinal column

Back 137

vertebral

Front 138

back

Back 138

dorsal

Front 139

back of elbow

Back 139

olecranal or cubital

Front 140

between hips

Back 140

sacral

Front 141

buttock

Back 141

gluteal

Front 142

region of anus and external genitals

Back 142

perineal

Front 143

back of hand

Back 143

dorsum

Front 144

hollow behind knee

Back 144

popliteal

Front 145

calf

Back 145

Sural

Front 146

sole of foot

Back 146

plantar

Front 147

heel

Back 147

calcaneal

Front 148

Superior

Back 148

toward the head or upper part of a structure

Front 149

Inferior

(caudal)

Back 149

away from the head or lower part of a structure

Front 150

Anterior

(ventral)

Back 150

nearer to or at the front of the body

Front 151

Posterior

(dorsal)

Back 151

nearer to or at the back of the body

Front 152

Medial

Back 152

Nearer to the midline. An imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides

Front 153

Lateral

Back 153

farther from the midline

Front 154

Intermediate

Back 154

between two structures

Front 155

Ipsilateral

Back 155

on the same side of the body as another structure

Front 156

Contralateral

Back 156

on the opposite side of the body from another structure

Front 157

Proximal

Back 157

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure

Front 158

Distal

Back 158

farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure

Front 159

Superficial

(external)

Back 159

toward or on the surface of the body

Front 160

Deep

(internal)

Back 160

away from the surface of the body

Front 161

Sagittal plane

Back 161

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left sides

Front 162

midsagittal plane

Back 162

divides the body into equal right and left sides

Front 163

parasagittal plane

Back 163

divides the body into unequal right and left sides

Front 164

frontal or coronal plane

Back 164

divides the body or an organ into anterior

(front) and posterior (back) portions

Front 165

transverse plane

Back 165

divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane

Front 166

oblique plane

Back 166

passes through the body or an organ at an

angle

Front 167

section

Back 167

a cut of the body or one of its organs made along one of the planes

Front 168

body cavities

Back 168

spaces within the body that helped protect, separate, and support internal organs

Front 169

3 main body cavities

Back 169

• cranial cavity
• thoracic cavity
• abdominopelvic cavity

Front 170

cranial cavity

Back 170

formed by cranial bones and protects brain

Front 171

vertebral canal

Back 171

formed by the bones of vertebral column, contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

Front 172

meninges

Back 172

layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

Front 173

within the thoracic cavity are what three things?

Back 173

1. Pericardial cavity
2. pleural cavities
3. mediastinum

Front 174

pericardial cavity

Back 174

fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart

Front 175

pleural cavity

Back 175

two fluid-filled spaces that surround each lung

Front 176

mediastinum

Back 176

• central part of the thoracic cavity
• extends from sternum to vertebral column & from first rib to the diaphragm
• contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels

Front 177

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 177

• extends from the diaphragm to the groin
• encircled by the abdomen wall & bones & muscles of the pelvis
• divided into two portions: abdominal cavity & pelvic cavity

Front 178

abdominal cavity contains

Back 178

stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines

Front 179

pelvic cavity contains

Back 179

urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of large intestine

Front 180

membrane

Back 180

thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures

Front 181

Viscera

Back 181

organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic

cavities

Front 182

serous membrane

Back 182

thin slippery membrane that covers the viscera

Front 183

2 parts of the serous membrane

Back 183

parietal layer (lines the walls of the cavities)

visceral layer (covers the viscera within the

cavities)

Front 184

3 types of serous membranes in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Back 184

• pleura
• pericardium
• peritoneum

Front 185

Pleura

Back 185

serous membrane of the pleural cavities

• visceral pleural clings to the surface of lungs
• parietal pleural lines the chest wall

Front 186

pericardium

Back 186

serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

• visceral pericardium covers the heart
• parietal pericardium lines the chest wall

Front 187

peritoneum

Back 187

serous membrane of the abdominal cavity

• visceral peritoneum covers abdominal cavity
• parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall

Front 188

Oral cavity

Back 188

tongue and teeth

Front 189

nasal cavity

Back 189

nose

Front 190

orbital cavity

Back 190

eyeball

Front 191

middle ear cavities

Back 191

small bones of the middle ear

Front 192

synovial cavities

Back 192

joints

Front 193

9 abdominopelvic regions

Back 193

right/left hypochondriac region

right/left lumbar region

right/left inguinal (iliac) region

epigastric region

umbilical region

hypogastric region

Front 194

2 horizontal and 2 vertical lines partition abdominopelvic cavity

Back 194

• subcoastal line (top horizontal)

- inferior to rib cage

• transtubecular line ( bottom horizontal)

- inferior to top of the hipbone

• midclavicular lines (to vertical lines)

- midpoints to clavicles and medial to the nipples

Front 195

Meninges

Back 195

Three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, called the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

Front 196

The watery fluid, similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid, that fills the anterior cavity of the eye.

Back 196

Aqueous humor

Front 197

The dorsal cavity contains

Back 197

Cranial cavity & Vertebral canal

Front 198

3 functions of muscular system

Back 198

1. Movement: moves body parts and materials
   
2. Posture: maintenance of body positions
   
3. Temperature homeostasis: produces heat
   

Front 199

3 functions of nervous system

Back 199

1. Sensory: detects change in environment
2. Integration: decides on a course of action
3. Motor: responds to change