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317 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Of all the sensory receptors in the body what % is in the eyes
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70
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eutropic
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body of water that increases primary productivity; aqueous humor?
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Miosis
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constriction of the pupil in response to light
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bulbar conjunctiva
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(AKA ocular conjunctiva) thin protective mucous membrane on anterior surface of eyeball
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scleral venous sinus
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(canal of Schlemm); where aqueous humor drains; junction of sclera and cornea
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stereognosis
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“Knowing Solid”; ability to recognize size, shape, texture of a felt object.
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amblyopia
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“Lazy eye” atrophy of certain extrinsic eye muscles (correctable)
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posterior chamber
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1 of 2 chambers in the anterior chamber; behind the iris, in front of the lens
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cornea
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1 of 2 components of the fibrous tunic (superficial layer); transparent coat that covers the iris; curved to focus light; consists of 3 layers:
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olfactory receptor
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1st order Bipolar neurons with cell bodies and dendrites in the Olfactory epithelium, interspersed among pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, supporting cells, and basal stem cells.
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papilla(e)
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4 types of elevations on the tongue, 3 of which hold taste buds:
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extrinsic eye muscle(s)
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6; small motor units; move the eye laterally, medially, superiorly, inferiorly
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helicotrema
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a passage in the ear between the scala tympani and scala vestibuli
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membranous labyrinth
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a series of sacs and tubes inside the bony labyrinth, having same general form
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vibration
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ability to Perceive rapidly fluctuating touch stimuli.
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graphesthesia
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ability to recognize Writing on the skin purely by sense of touch.
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flaccid paralysis
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absent Voluntary and Reflexive actions from damage or disease of Lower Motor neurons on the same side of the body; muscle tone decreased or lost
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taste bud
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an oval body consisting of an aggregation of 3 kinds of neuroepithelial cells: Gustatory receptor cell, Supporting cell (AKA sustentacular cell), Basal cells
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tastants
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any chemical that stimulates a gustatory receptor cell, must be dissolved before it can be tasted, then enter plasma membrane of Gustatory hairs which are the site of Transduction
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stapes
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auditory ossicles named for their stirrup shape
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kinesthesia
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awareness of the direction of movements of body parts; proprioception; PCMLP
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olfactory tract
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axons of the multipolar 2nd order neurons in the Olfactory Bulb
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ganglion layer
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axons of, provide output from the retina, to the brain; 1st order neurons; CN II; synapse with bipolar cells that synapses with receptor cells
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lysozyme
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bactericidal secretion; part of tears
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saccule
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bed of sensory cells within the inner ear
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myopic
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being nearsighted
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astigmatism
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blurred or distorted images due to irregular curvature of the cornea or lens, corrective lens rotates axis of light
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Ménière’s disease
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caused by an increased amount of endolymph, which enlarges the membranous labyrinth causing fluctuating hearing loss, roaring tinnitus, and whirling vertigo
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conductive deafness
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caused by impairments of mechanisms in the external and middle ear
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modiolus
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central supporting core of the cochlea
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refract
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change in direction of a wave due to change in speed of substance its passing through
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odorant
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chemicals that can stimulate the olfactory hairs, thereby producing a generator potential, initiating the olfactory response. Only slight molecular alterations distinguish different odors and concentration differences can alter the resulting final smell.
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olfactory nerve
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CN I, bundles of unmyelinated axons extending through the Olfactory Foramina of the Cribriform Plate of the Ethmoid bone together comprise the Olfactory Nerve.
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palpebrae
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collective term for the upper and lower eyelids
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photopigment
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colored, integral proteins in the plasma membrane of the outer segments of rods and cones; undergoes structural changes when it absorbs light; opsin & retinol
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olfactory bulb
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compilation of 2nd order multipolar neurons in paired masses of gray matter of the brain that then conduct olfactory impulses down the Olfactory tract projecting to the Lateral Olfactory areas/Primary Olfactory areas where conscious perception of odors begins.
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taste adaptation
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complete adaptation to a specific taste can occur in 1-5 minutes of continuous stimulation
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inner synaptic layer
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connections of bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells
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perception
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conscious awareness and interpretation of the meaning of sensations.
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anterior cavity
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consists of anterior and posterior chamber
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filiform papillae
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contain tactile receptors but not taste buds
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bipolar layer
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contains cell bodies of bipolar cells that synapse with receptor cells; as well as containing Horizontal cell bodies and Amacrine cell bodies
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photoreceptor layer
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contains the rods and cones and their cell bodies; between photopigment layer and outer synaptic layer; 70% of the sensory receptors in the body are here
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spastic paralysis
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damage or disease of UMNs in the Cerebral Cortex; spastic paralysis on opposite side of body; Increased muscle tone, Exaggerated reflexes; Babinski sign appear.
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sensorineural deafness
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deafness due to damage or disease of the sensorineural pathway (hair cells, cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII)
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Adaptation
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decrease in the Generator potential or Receptor potential amplitude when exposed to a stimulus applied at a constant level or over a reasonably long time.
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encapsulated nerve ending
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dendrites of 1st order neurons are enclosed in a CT capsule that enhances Sensitivity or Specificity of the receptor. Lamellated (vibration & pressure) and Touch (Meissner)
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retinal
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derivative of Vitamin A formed from carotene
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Parkinson disease
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dopamine releasing neurons from Substantia Nigra to the Caudate Nucleus and Putamen degenerate; too little Dopamine, too much ACh; tremors and increase muscle
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Ptosis
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drooping eyelid caused by weakness in the levator palpebrae
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taste threshold
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each primary taste has a different threshold, bitter being the lowest (poison); the threshold for sour is somewhat higher than bitter; and the remaining tastes are higher yet.
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otalgia
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ear pain
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otolith
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equilibrium organs within the vestibular labyrinth
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auditory tube
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Eustachian tube; bone and cartilage that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx; normally closed but opens upon swallowing and yawning; equalizes pressure
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visual field
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everything that can be seen by that eye; creates binocular vision when they overlap; divided into nasal and temporal halves.
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mydriasis
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excessive dilation of the pupil due to disease or drugs
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hypermetropic
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eyeball is too short relative to the focusing power of the cornea and lens; image is focused Behind the retina; may also be due to a thin Lens; convex lens correction
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myopia
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eyeball too long; image focused in Front of the retina; thickened lens also; concave lens
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anterior chamber
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filled with Aqueous Humor; between the cornea and the iris
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endolymph
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fluid within the membranous labyrinth; high level of K+ which play role in generation of auditory impulses
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nociceptor
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free nerve ending Pain receptors; everywhere but the Brain; very little adaptation; activated by thermal, mechanical, or chemical stimuli.
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lateral spinothalamic tract
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Free nerve endings, Spinal cord, Ventral Posterior nucleus of Thalamus to Primary Somatosensory area, Pain and Temperature
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anterior spinothalamic tract
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Free nerve endings, Spinal Cord, Ventral Posterior nucleus of Thalamus to Primary Somatosensory area, Tickle, Itch, Crude Touch, Pressure, Vibration.
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primary taste
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fundamental tastes from which all other tastes are composed
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opsin
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glycoprotein photopigment; 4 different versions can combine with retinal to make the 4 different kinds of photopigments; cones use 3 of the 4; allows for different light wave absorption
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presbycusis (presbyacusis)
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gradual loss of hearing with age
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extrafusal muscle fiber
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groups of fibers on the exterior of muscles innervated by alpha neurons
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basal ganglia
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help regulate initiation and termination of movements; suppress unwanted movements by exhibiting Inhibitory effects on Thalamus and Superior Colliculis ; all through their influence on Upper Motor neurons (Modulation of Movement); Muscle Tone
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Huntington disease
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hereditary disorder in which the Caudate nucleus and Putamen degenerate with the loss of neurons that normally release GABA or ACh. Jerky, non-purposeful movements.
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accommodation
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Increase in curvature of Lens for Near vision; Ciliary muscle contracts, reduce tension on the suspensory ligaments, allowing the Lens to assume its natural spherical shape
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anvil
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Incus; articulates with the malleus laterally and the stapes medially
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otitis media
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infection of the middle ear
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amplitude
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intensity of a wave; distance from midline to peak
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basal stem cell(s)
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interspersed among supporting cells; continually undergo division producing new olfactory receptors, which live only about a month; unusual because neurons are not generally replaceable. Chemotherapy and radiation treatment can alter rate of production.
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intrinsic eye muscle(s)
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iris sphincter and ciliary muscles, Parasympathetic control
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scala vestibuli
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is a perilymph filled cavity inside the cochlea of the inner ear. It is separated from the scala media by Reissner’s membrane and extends from the oval window to the helicotrema where it joins scala tympani.
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Alpha motor neuron
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large diameter A fibers that innervate Extrafusal muscle fibers.
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presbyopia
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lens loses elasticity with age therefore losing its ability to accommodate; mid-40s
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accessory structures of the eye
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Lids, Lashes, Brows, Lacrimal apparatus, Extrinsic Muscles
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palpebral conjunctiva
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lines the inner aspect of the eyelid
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prostaglandin
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lipids that intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and stimulate extravasation of WBCs; released from damaged cells and can intensify and prolong pain.
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dynamic equilibrium
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maintenance of body position (mainly the head) in response to sudden movements
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aqueous humor
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major contributor of intraocular pressure, manufactured by filtration of blood by capillaries of the ciliary processes, flows between iris and lens, through the pupil, and into the anterior camber, from the anterior chamber it drains into the scleral venous sinus (canal of Schlemm), which is at the junction of the sclera and cornea, then returns to the blood, replaced every 90 minutes.
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hammer
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malleus; the handle of which is secured to the internal surface of the tympanic
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intraocular pressure
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measurement of the fluid pressure within the eye
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near point of vision
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minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with maximum accommodation
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lacrimal puncta
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minute orifices where the lacrimal canaliculi commence; function to collect tears and pass them to the lacrimal sacs
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cerebral palsy
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motor disorder causing loss of muscle control and coordination; either damage to motor areas of the brain or during fetal development, birth, infancy; hydrocephalus, radiation.
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ataxia
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movements are Jerky and uncoordinated; cerebellar trauma or disease; staggering gate.
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levator palpebrae superioris
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muscle that moves the upper eyelid
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cuneate fasciculus
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Neck, upper Trunk/Limbs, Conscious proprioception and tactile sensations
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cuneate fasciculus
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Neck, upper Trunk/Limbs, Medulla, Cuneate nucleus to Medial Lemniscus to Ventral Posterior nucleus in Thalamus to Primary Somatosensory area, Conscious
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Alzheimer disease
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neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles appear in parts of the Cortex and Hippocampus affecting Memory, Mood, and Movements. Degeneration of Neurons. I forget the rest.
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nyctalopia
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night blindness; Vitamin A deficiency causing low levels of Rhodopsin; rod degeneration
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emmetropia
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normal vision
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lateral geniculate nucleus
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nucleus of the Thalamus that is the primary processing center for impulses from the retina
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cone
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one of the 2 types of photoreceptor cells in the eye; outer segment consists of folds similar to a long pleated fabric; site of light energy transduction; nucleus, Golgi apparatus, and many mitochondria; responsible for color vision and most active during the day
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round window membrane
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one of the two openings into the cochlea of the inner ear
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blind spot
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optic disc; contains no rods or cones; site where optic nerve exits the eyeball
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hyperacusia
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oversensitivity to certain frequencies of sound
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quadriplegia
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paralysis of all 4 limbs
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paraplegia
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paralysis of both lower limbs.
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diplegia
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paralysis of Both upper limbs, or Both lower limbs.
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monoplegia
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paralysis of one limb only
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hemiplegia
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paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body.
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ciliary muscle
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part of the ciliary body which is part of the vascular tunic (middle layer); circular band of smooth muscle that alters the shape of the Lens; when it contracts it reduces tension on the suspensory ligaments that hold the Lens flat, thereby allowing a more spherical shape (for closer vision)
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ciliary processes
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part of the ciliary body which is part of the vascular tunic (middle layer); protrusions or folds on the Internal surface of the ciliary body that contain blood capillaries that secrete Aqueous Humor
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sclera
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part of the fibrous tunic; Avascular; the “white” of the eye; dense CT mostly collagen and fibroblasts; covers the entire eyeball except for the cornea; gives shape to the eyeball, makes it more rigid, and protects
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choroid
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part of the vascular tunic (middle layer); highly vascular; lines most of the internal surface of the sclera; provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the sclera via diffusion
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frequency
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pitch; how often the particles of a wave vibrate when passing through a medium
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kinin
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polypeptides that induce vasodilation and increased vessel permeability; serve as chemotaxic agents for phagocytes; formed in the blood from inactive precursors (kininogens); can affect some nerve endings causing pain from inflammation.
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phantom limb sensation
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portion of sensory nerves remaining in limb still send impulses; or neurons in the brain that once received info from missing nerves still active.
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corticobulbar tract
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Primary Motor area, maybe, Motor nuclei of all CN but (1,2,8), LMNs control precise, voluntary movements of eyes, tongue, neck, chewing, facial expression, speech
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lateral corticospinal tract
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Primary Motor area, Medulla, Distal limb muscles, precise/skilled
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anterior corticospinal tract
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Primary Motor area, Spinal cord, Skeletal muscles Neck/Trunk
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lacrimation
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production of tears
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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progressive destruction of Anterior Horn motor neurons and fibers of the Pyramidal tract. Lose speech, swallow, breath, death within 5 years. Some cases found defect in the gene that directs production of Superoxide dismutase (antioxidant enzyme)
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posterior spinocerebellar tract
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Proprioception, joint kinesthetic receptors (posture, balance)
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anterior spinocerebellar tract
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Proprioception, joint kinesthetic receptors. (posture, balance)
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anterior spinocerebellar tract
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Proprioceptors, NO, Cerebellum, posture, balance, coordination
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fine touch
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provides Specific info about Location that is touched as well as Shape, Size, and Texture
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nystagmus
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rapid involuntary movement of the eyeballs, multiple types, multiple causes
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rubrospinal tract
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Red Nucleus, Medulla, Contralateral skeletal muscles that govern precise movements of distal parts of limbs.
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Hyposmia
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reduced ability to smell possibly related to age or head injury, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, smoking, and drugs.
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inferior olivary nucleus
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relay proprioception impulses to the Cerebellum via Inferior Peduncle.
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analgesia
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relief from pain; some analgesics block Prostaglandins (aspirin, motrin)
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narcolepsy
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REM sleep cannot be inhibited during waking periods, involuntary periods of sleep
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hyaloid canal
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remnant of the hyaloid artery
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homunculus
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representation from Somatotopy, mapping of the body represented spatially in proportion to the contribution of particular body structures with regard to amount of motor or sensory nerves distributed.
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medial reticulospinal tract
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Reticular Formation, Medulla, Extensor reflexes, Inhibit flexor reflexes, Increase muscle tone in axial skeleton and proximal parts of limbs. (Indirect pathway)
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lateral reticulospinal tract
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Reticular Formation, Medulla, Flexor reflexes, Inhibit extensor reflex, decrease muscle tone in axial skeleton and proximal parts of the limbs. (Indirect pathway)
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canal of Schlemm
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scleral venous sinus, receives aqueous humor from anterior chamber, located at the junction of the sclera and cornea
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optic disc
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see blind spot
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fovea centralis
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see central fovea
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paradoxical cold
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sensation of coolness when the receptive field of a cold receptor is touched by a small probe having a higher temp than the skin.
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hair cells
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sensory receptors for equilibrium
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bony labyrinth
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series of cavities in the temporal bone comprising the semicircular canals, vestibule, and the cochlea
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intention tremor
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shaking that occurs during Deliberate voluntary movement from Cerebellar damage; Trauma; Alcoholism affects the Anterior Cerebellum, which is responsible for limbs.
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central fovea
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small depression in the center of the macula lutea that contains only cones; layers of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area; “Highest visual acuity”!!!
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lateral spinothalamic tract
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Somatic, Pain and Temperature
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otoacoustic emission
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sound that is generated from within the inner ear
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hydrogen ion
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Sour; flow into cell via H+ channels or block K+ channels inhibiting them, depolarization occurs, Ca2+ enters the cell, transmitter is released firing the afferent nerve. Back side of tongue.
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palpebral fissure
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space between the upper and lower eyelids
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basal cell(s)
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stem cells that produce supporting cells, supporting cells differentiate into Gustatory receptor cells, and Gustatory receptor cells live for about 10 days.
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somatic pain
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Superficial= in the skin; Deep= in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, or fascia.
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tectospinal tract
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Superior Colliculis, Medulla, Contralateral skeletal muscles that move head and eyes in response to visual stimuli.
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sustentacular cell
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supporting cells that differentiate into gustatory receptor cells
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sustentacular cell
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Supporting cells, provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the Olfactory Receptors.
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ampulla
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swollen enlargement at one end of each semicircular canal
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emmetropic
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term for the “normal” eye; refracts light rays from an object 20 feet away such that a clear image is formed on the retina
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gamma motor neuron
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terminates at Intrafusal muscle fibers regulating sensitivity of muscle Spindle fibers by regulating their contraction.
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iris
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the colored portion of the eye; attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes; regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil
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transduction
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the conversion of Stimulus energy into Electrical energy.
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ora serrata
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the serrated junction between the retina and ciliary body; marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area, to the complex multi-layered photosensitive region; vitreous body attaches anteriorly just behind the ora serrata
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retina
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the third and inner coat of the eyeball; lines the posterior 3/4; beginning of the visual pathway; only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly
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tarsal plate
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thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids; contains tarsal glands that secrete surfactant to prevent sticking
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conjunctiva
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thin protective mucous membrane composed of stratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells; Palpebral and Bulbar
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semicircular canal(s)
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three canals within the inner ear filled with perilymph, connect to the utricle and the vestibule
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anterior spinothalamic tract
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Tickle, Itch, Crude Touch, Pressure, Vibration, Free nerve endings
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rod
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tip of the outer segment contains stacks of discs like stacked coins, near the base it is folded like in cones; responsible or low light vision as its photopigment regeneration rate is too slow to be effective during high light conditions
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Anosmia
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total lack of sense of smell, resulting from head injuries that tear the olfactory epithelium, aftereffects of nasal cavity inflammation, physical obstruction, and aging. Zinc deficiency also.
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syphilis
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Treponema pallidum; progressive degeneration of the Posterior portions of the spinal cord: columns, spinocerebellar tracts, dorsal roots. Somatic sensations lost.
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gracile fasciculus
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Trunk/Lower limbs, Conscious proprioception and tactile sensations
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gracile fasciculus
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Trunk/Lower limbs, Medulla, Cuneate nucleus to Medial Lemniscus to Ventral Posterior nucleus in Thalamus to Primary Somatosensory area, Conscious
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eardrum
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tympanic membrane
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vestibulospinal tract
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Vestibular Nucleus, Medulla, Regulate ipsilateral muscle tone for maintaining balance in response to head movements
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referred pain
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visceral pain in or just deep to the skin that overlies stimulated organ; visceral organ and area to which pain is Referred generally served by same segment of spinal cord
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outer synaptic layer
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where bipolar cells synapse with the photoreceptor cells
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pupil
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where light actually enters the eye
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basilar membrane
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within the cochlea of the inner ear is a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the Scala media and the Scala tempani
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new blood vessels form in the choroid and leak plasma or blood under the retina. Treatment for this form is laser surgery to destroy leaking blood vessels
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"wet" Age-related macular disease
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Light rays reflected from objects further than about what distance from the viewer are essentially parallel?
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20 feet
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intrafusal muscle fiber
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3-10 specialized fibers wrapped by several sensory nerves found within each muscle Spindle; Gamma motor neurons regulate sensitivity.
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age related macular disease
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50 years and older, occur in the region of the macula lutea
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Victims retain peripheral vision but lose the ability to see straight ahead
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Age-related macular disease (macular degeneration)
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loss of sensation of taste
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ageusia
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sufferer loses the ability to speak, swallow, and breathe; death in 5 years
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis AKA lou gehrig's disease
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relief from pain
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Analgesia
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total lack of the sense of smell
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Anosmia
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The lens divides the eye into two cavities
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Anterior cavity
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The anterior cavity of the eye consists of two chambers filled with aqueous humor:
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Anterior chamber between the cornea and iris
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Replaced about every 90 minutes
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Aqueous humor
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Some analgesic drugs block formation of prostaglandins, which stimulate nociceptors
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aspirin, ibuprofen
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irregular curvature of the cornea
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astigmatism
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abnormal condition in which movements are jerky and uncoordinated
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ataxia
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Interspersed among the undergo continuous cell division producing new olfactory receptors, which live only about a month
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Basal stem cells
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Acute sensitivity back middle of tongue
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Bitter
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Transmitter is released, firing the primary afferent nerve
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Bitter
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conjunctiva that covers the sclera but not the cornea
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Bulbar conjunctiva
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Loss of transparency of the lens
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Cataract
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Surgical removal of the affected lens and implantation of a new artificial lens usually restores sight
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Cataracts
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the area of highest visual acuity
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central fovea
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motor disorder that causes loss of muscle control and coordination caused by damage of the motor areas of the brain either during fetal development, birth, or infancy, hydrocephalus during infancy; or radiation during fetal development
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Cerebral Palsy
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Provides nutrients to the posterior surface of the sclera
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Choroid
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3 parts of vascular tunic
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Choroid
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When it contracts it reduces tension on suspensory ligaments that hold the lens, thereby allowing it to assume a more spherical shape (for closer vision)
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Ciliary muscle
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Contains blood capillaries that secrete aqueous humor
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Ciliary processes
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Ciliary body consists of (2)
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Ciliary processes
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The lens must be thicker to properly close images that are ? to the viewer
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closer
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Thin, protective mucous membranes of the eye composed of stratified columnar epithelium with many goblet cells
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conjunctiva
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The ciliary muscle does what to reduce tension on the suspensory ligaments, and allow the lens to assume a more spherical shape for "near" vision
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Contracts
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The 3 layers of the Cornea are.
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Outer nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
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Curved, so it focuses light
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Cornea
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Sympathetic neurons stimulate which (radial muscles) to contract to cause an increase in the size of the pupil
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Dilator pupillae
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central vision gradually diminishes because the pigmented layer atrophies and degenerates. There is no effective treatment for this
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Dry Age-related macular disease
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Transfer of information from STM to LTM is affected by many factors, including
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Emotional state
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Structures of eyelid from superficial to deep
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Epidermis
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Nerve for anterior 2/3 of tongue
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Facial Nerve (VII)
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In LTM they are filed with the context in which they were learned
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Fact Memory
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the superficial avascular coat of the eyeball
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fibrous tunic
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Three layers of the eye
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Fibrous tunic
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Damage or disease of lower motor neurons produces what of muscles on the same side of the body?
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Flaccid Paralysis
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in the exact center of the visual axis of the eye of the posterior portion of the retina
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Fovea centralis
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Nerve for posterior 1/3 of tongue
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Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX)
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G protein
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guanine nucleotide binding protein
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chemical receptor produces a generator potential
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gustation
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Each gustatory receptor cell has a single, long microvillus, called a ______which projects through the taste pore
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gustatory hair
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three kinds of neuroepithelial cell in taste buds
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Gustatory receptor cells
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paralysis of the upper limb, trunk, and lower limb on one side of the body
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Hemiplegia
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Hereditary disorder in which the caudate nucleus and putamen degenerate, with loss of neurons that normally release GABA or acetylcholine causing rapid, jerky involuntary, non-purposeful movements (chorea) and mental deterioration
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Huntington's Disease
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Hyaloid canal is the remnant of the
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hyaloid artery
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farsightedness
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hypermetropia
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Correction is by use of a convex lens
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Hypermetropia
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reduced ability to smell
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Hyposmia
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the ability to recall ongoing experiences for a few seconds, thereby providing perspective to the present time that allows us to know where we are and what we are doing
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Immediate memory
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Moves eye up/out. Innervated by ?
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inferior oblique; oculomoter (III)
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Moves eye DOWN/IN; Innervated by ?
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Inferior Rectus; Oculomotor (III)
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Moves eye DOWN; Innervated by ?
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Inferior Recus; Oculomotor (III) and Superior Oblique; Trochlear (IV)
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Emotional responses
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Integrative functions of the cerebrum
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Alcoholism, in which the anterior part of the cerebellum is affected. Alcoholics may have an impaired walking gait with relatively normal control of arm movements
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Intention Tremor
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shaking that occurs during deliberate voluntary movement
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Intention tremor
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What is attached at its outer margin to the ciliary processes and regulates the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil, via autonomic reflexes
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Iris
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What is in the medial commissure that contains sebaceous glands & sudoriferous glands
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Lacrimal caruncle
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a watery solution containing salts, some mucus, and lysozyme
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Lacrimal fluid
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Path of lacrimal fluid from secretion to excretion
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Lacrimal glands secrete lacrimal fluid
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Corner of palpebral fissure closer to temporal bone
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lateral commissure
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Moves eye OUT; Innervated by ?
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Lateral Rectus; Abducens (VI)
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consists of proteins called crystallins, which are arranged like the layers of an onion, and enclosed in a capsule
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lens
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It is the variably refractive medium of the eye
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lens
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Moves the upper eyelid
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Levator palpebrae superioris
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functions in processing STM into LTM
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limbic system, esp. hippocampus
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block conduction of nerve impulses by preventing opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
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Local anesthetics
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Side of palpebral fissure closer to the nasal bone
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Medial commissure
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posterior column
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medial lemniscus pathway- Somatic, Conscious proprioception and tactile
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Moves eye IN; Innervated by ?
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Medial rectus; oculomotor (III)
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the frequent retrieval of information along with fitting the information into various categories of knowledge already stored in the cerebral cortex, resulting in reinforcement of long-term memory
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Memory consolidation
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added to natural gas because its threshold is extremely low, and because it is a recognizable, but not “usual” odor
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Methyl mercaptan
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alter the quality of pain perception in the brain; pain is still sensed, but it no longer is noxious
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Morphine and other opiate drugs
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Correction is by use of a concave lens
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myopia
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The result is that involuntary periods of sleep that last about 15 minutes occur throughout the day
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Narcolepsy
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the minimum distance from the eye that an object can be clearly focused with maximum accommodation
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Near point of vision
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Normal sleep consists of two components
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Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep
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preserve rotational stability of the eyeball
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oblique muscles
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Bundles of slender, unmyelinated axons of olfactory receptors that extend through olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
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Olfactory Nerve CN (I)
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chemicals receptors produce a generator potential
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olfaction
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Basal stem cells
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olfactory epithelium
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The sites of olfactory transduction (conversion of stimulus energy into a graded potential in a sensory receptor)
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olfactory hairs
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bipolar neurons that are the first-order neurons of the olfactory pathway
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Olfactory receptors
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Axons of olfactory bulb neurons extend posteriorly to form the
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olfactory tract
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scala tympani
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one of the perilymph-filled cavities in the cochlear labyrinth. It is separated from the scala media by the basilar membrane, and it extends from the round window to the helicotrema, where it continues as scala vestibuli.
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Contains no rods or cones. The "Blind Spot"
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optic disc
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The site where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
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Optic disc
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The vitreous body attaches anteriorly just behind this.
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Ora serrata
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Alternate word for eyelid
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palpebrae
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conjunctiva that lines inner aspect of the eyelids
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Palpebral conjunctiva
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Space between the eyelids
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palpebral fissure
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Taste buds occur in elevations on the tongue called
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papillae
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Paraplegia
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paralysis of both lower limbs
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Diplegia
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paralysis of both upper limbs or both lower limbs
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Monoplegia
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paralysis of one limb
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May be induced by environmental toxins: pesticides, herbicides, carbon monoxide
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Parkinson disease
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semicircular duct(s)
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Parts of the membranous labyrinth that are inside the semicircular canals and act as receptor organs for equilibrium
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Amputees may still experience sensations such as itching, pressure, tingling, or pain as if the limb were still there
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Phantom limb sensation
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It absorbs stray light, thereby preventing reflection and scattering
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Pigmented layer of the retina
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two point discrimination
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ability to distinguish between two points of sensation close together.
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What is when the lens loses elasticity with aging, and therefore also loses its ability to accommodate, generally begins in the mid-forties: people need to start using glasses/bifocals
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Presbyopia
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posterior spinocerebellar tract
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Proprioceptors, NO, Cerebellum, posture, balance, coordination
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move the eye in a plane
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Rectus muscles
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Perhaps this is the time when new experiences are being consolidated
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REM sleep
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involved in arousal from sleep and in maintaining consciousness
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Reticular activating system
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The third, and inner coat of the eyeball
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Retina
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What are the two types of photoreceptors in the neural layer that transduce light rays into receptor potentials and how are they different
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Rods, which have a low light threshold and enable seeing only shades of gray
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Acute sensitivity front sides of tongue
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Salty
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Transmitter is released, firing the primary afferent nerve
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Salty
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"White" of the eye
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Sclera
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Once learned, skill memories are hard to unlearn
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Skill Memory
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disorder in which a person repeatedly stops breathing for 10 or more seconds while sleeping. Due to loss of muscle tone in pharyngeal muscles which allows the airway to collapse
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Sleep Apnea
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stimuli that will not activate the RAS
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smell
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Most taste buds are on the tongue, but some are also on the
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Soft palate, pharynx, epiglottis
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Acute sensitivity: back sides of tongue
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Sour
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Transmitter is released, firing the primary afferent nerve
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Sour
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Pathological reflexes such as the Babinski sign appear
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Spastic Paralysis
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Parasympathetic neurons stimulate the ? (circular muscles) contract to cause a ? in the size of the pupil
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sphincter pupillae; decrease (constriction)
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Moves eye DOWN/OUT; Innervated by ?
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Superior oblique; Trochlear (IV)
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Moves eye UP; Innervated by ?
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Superior rectus & inferior oblique; Both are oculomotor (III)
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Muscle moves eye Up/In; Innervated by ?
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Superior rectus; oculomotor (III)
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provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory receptors
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Supporting Cells
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establishes the circadian rhythm, perhaps based on light/dark cycles perceived by the eyes
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suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
|
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Acute sensitivity-tip of tongue
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Sweet
|
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The five modern-day primary tastes are:
|
Sweet
|
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sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
|
syphilis
|
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Joint proprioceptor tracts are destroyed which causes an unstable gait
|
Tabes dorsalis
|
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modified sebaceous glands in each tarsal plate that secrete a fluid that helps keep the eyelids from adhering to each other
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Tarsal glands (Meibomian glands)
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thick fold of connective tissue that gives form and support to the eyelids
|
tarsal plate
|
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chemical that stimulates gustatory receptor cells
|
tastant
|
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At the apex of the taste bud is a small opening called the
|
taste pore
|
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Static equilibrium
|
the maintenance of the position of the body (mainly the head) relative to the force of gravity
|
|
|
Ganglion layer
|
The neural layer of the retina
|
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the only place in the body where blood vessels can be viewed directly (ophthalmoscope) and examined for pathological changes
|
the retina
|
|
|
no conventional location
|
Umami
|
|
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Second messengers then initiate depolarization, and neurotransmitter is released
|
Umami, Sweet, and Bitter
|
|
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Cranial nerve for taste buds in throat and epiglottis
|
Vagus Nerve (X)
|
|
|
three types of papillae that contain taste buds
|
Vallate papillae
|
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4 mls of the eye fluid and composed mostly of water, hyaluronic acid, collagen.
|
Vitreos body
|
|
|
Contains phagocytic cells that remove debris, thereby providing for unobstructed vision
|
Vitreous chamber
|
|
|
Attachments to the retina just behind the ora serrata and at the optic disk
|
vitreous humor
|
|
|
Anosmia can be caused by deficiency of
|
Zinc
|
