Ap Human Geography Unit 2 Vocabulary

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Age Distribution

Back 1

The different numbers of people of different ages in a population

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Carrying Capacity

Back 2

The largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can support

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Census

Back 3

A periodic and official count of a country's population

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Cohort

Back 4

A group of people the same age and gender in a population

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Crude Birth Rate

Back 5

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

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Crude Death Rate

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The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

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Demographic Momentum

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The tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution.

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Demographic Transition Model

Back 8

Multistage model of changes in population growth exhibited by countries undergoing industrialization.

Has 4 steps. Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth, and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a possible stage that includes zero or negative population growth. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country.

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Dependency Ratio

Back 9

The number of people too old or too young to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.

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Doubling Time

Back 10

The number of years needed to double a population

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Epidemiologic Transition

Back 11

Shows the cause of death in each stage of the Demographic Transition Model

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Fertility Transition

Back 12

Long term decline in the number of children per woman

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Gendered Space

Back 13

Areas or regions designed for men or women

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J-Curve

Back 14

A growth curve, shaped like a J, displaying exponential population growth

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Life Expectancy

Back 15

The length of time person is predicted to live

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Infant Mortality Rate

Back 16

The number of infants that die out off every 1000 births

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Child Mortality Rate

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Number of children who die between the ages of 0 and 5 out of 1000 births

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Neo-Malthusian

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Advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations.

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Overpopulation

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More individuals than a physical area can support, or an economy can sustain

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Arithmetic Population Density

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The population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area

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Physiological Population Density

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The number of people per unit arable land

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Population Composition

Back 22

Structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education

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Population Distribution

Back 23

Descriptions of locations on the Earth's surface where populations live

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Expansive Population Policy

Back 24

Government policies that encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth

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Restrictive Population Policy

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Government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase

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Eugenic Population Policy

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Government policies designed to favor one racial sector over others

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Population Projection

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An estimate of a future population

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Population Pyramid (Age-Sex Graph)

Back 28

Visual representation of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group

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Rate of Natural Increase

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Crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

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S-Curve

Back 30

A growth curve that has an S shape and displays the logistic growth model - the

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Standard of Living

Back 31

the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area.

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Sustainability

Back 32

how well a country can supply its residents with the proper needs

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Total Fertility Rate

Back 33

The average number of children that could be born to a woman over her lifetime in a given population

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Underpopulation

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A drop or decrease in a region's population

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Zero Population Growth

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Where natural birth rate declines to equal crude birth rate and the natural rate of population approaches 0

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Population

Back 36

The number of people in a given area

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Migration

Back 37

A permanent move to a new location

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Activity Space

Back 38

The range of an area in which an organism participates in its daily activities (a school or workplace)

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Asylum

Back 39

shelter and protection in one state for refugees from another country

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Colonization

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physical process whereby the colonizer takes over another place, putting its own government in charge and either moving its own people into the place or bringing in indentured outsiders to gain control of the people and the land

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Cyclic Movement

Back 41

for example, nomadic migration—that has a closed route and is repeated annually or seasonally


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Diaspora

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the scattering of people who have a common background or beliefs

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Distance Decay

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the effects of distance on interactions, generally greater the distance the less interaction

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Emigration

Back 44

movement of individuals out of a population; migration from a location

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Forced Migration

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human migration in which the movers have not choice but to relocate

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Friction of Distance

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A measure of how much absolute distance affects the interaction between two places.

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Gravity Model

Back 47

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

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Guest Worker

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legal immigrant who has work visa, usually short term

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Immigration

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movement of individuals into an area occupied by an existing population migration to a new location

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Intervening Opportunity

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The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

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Transnational Migration Pattern

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A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit.

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Internal Migration Pattern

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Permanent movement within a particular country.

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Rural-Urban Migration Pattern

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Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.Ex.~countryside to Houston

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Seasonal Migration Pattern

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cyclic migration that occurs with the seasons

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Chain Migration Pattern

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migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

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Step Migration Pattern

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migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages

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Migration Stream

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A constant flow of migrants from the same origin to the same destination.

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Nomadism

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movement among a definite set of places

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Periodic Movement

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movement that involves temporary, recurrent relocation

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Push-Pull Factors

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factors that induce people to leave old residences and come to a better new one

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Quota

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established limits by governments on the number of immigrants who can enter a country each year

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Internal Refugee

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people who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee

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International Refugee

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refugees who have crossed one or more international boundaries during their dislocation and who now find themselves encamped in a different country

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Remittance

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money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries.

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Transhumance

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a seasonal periodic movement of pastorarists and their livestock between highland and lowland

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Voluntary Migration

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Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

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Ester Boserup

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Because food supplies are Running low, they need to crank up food production- disagrees with Malthus

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H.C. Carey

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came up with the gravity model

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Thomas Malthus

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an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence

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Karl Marx

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argued that overpopulation was the fault of unchecked capitalism and unequal distribution of resources

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Ernst Ravenstien

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11 laws of migration

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Warren Thompson

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Demographic Transition Model