Ap Human Geography De Blij Chap. 11

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Organic Agriculture

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A form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control. Organic farming uses fertilizers and pesticides but excludes or strictly limits the use of manufactured (synthetic) fertilizers, pesticides (which include herbicides, insecticides and fungicides), plant growth regulators such as hormones, livestock antibiotics, food additives, genetically modified organisms, human sewage sludge, and nano-materials.

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Agriculture

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The science, art, or practice of cultivating the soil, producing crops, and raising livestock and in varying degrees the preparation and marketing of the resulting products.

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Primary Economic Activity

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Includes obtaining and refining raw materials such as wood, steel and coal. Primary economic sector workers include loggers, steelworkers and coal miners. All types of natural resources industries such as fishing, farming, forestry and mining are a part of the primary economic sector.

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Secondary Economic Activity

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Deals with the processing of raw materials into finished goods. Builders and potters are examples of secondary economic sector workers. Lumber from trees is made into homes and clay from the earth is made into pottery. Brewing, engineering and all types of processing plants are part of the secondary economic sector.

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Tertiary Economic Activity

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Has to do with services to businesses and consumers. Dry cleaners, real estate agents and loan officers fall into the category of tertiary economic sector workers. Transportation, banking, tourism and retail stores are all part of the tertiary economic sector.

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Quaternary Economic Activity

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Said to be that of intellectual organization in a society such as government, research, cultural programs, Information Technology (IT), education and libraries. Top management in non-profit organizations, media, arts, culture, higher education, science and technology and government are all included in the quaternary economic sector.

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Quinary Economic Activity

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Thought to be related to the quaternary sector, but includes only the senior management levels.

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Plant Domestication

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To introduce and accustom (a plant) into another region; naturalize.

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Root Crops

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A crop, as of turnips or yams, grown for its edible roots.

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Seed Crops

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A biennial plant grown for its seed.

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First Agricultural Revolution

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Also known as the Neolithic Revolution, is the transformation of human societies from hunting and gathering to farming. This transition occurred worldwide between 10,000 BC and 2000 BC, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East. Farming and the raising of livestock tied people to land for cultivation and grazing grounds, and this transition gave rise to permanent settlements.

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Animal Domestication

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Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

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Subsistence Agriculture

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Farming that provides for the basic needs of the farmer without surpluses for marketing.

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Shifting Cultivation

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A land-use system, esp in tropical Africa, in which a tract of land is cultivated until its fertility diminishes, when it is abandoned until this is restored naturally.

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Slash-and-burn Agriculture

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The cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes.

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Second Agricultural Revolution

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The industrialization of farming in Europe, during the 17th century.

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Von Thunen Model

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A pre-industrial model of agricultural land use where intensive farming is directly outside the city, forest is directly outside the intensive farming area, field crops are directly outside the forest area, and ranching is located directly outside the field crop area.

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Third Agricultural Revolution

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The introduction of genetic engineering into farming, which started worldwide in the late 20th century.

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Green Revolution

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A series of research, development, and technology transfer initiatives that increased worldwide agricultural production from the 1940s to the 1970s.

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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

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An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.

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Rectangular Survey System

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Land survey that divides a district into 24-square mile quadrangles from the meridian (north-south line) and the baseline (east-west line); the tracts are divided into 6-mile-square parts called townships, which are in turn divided into 36 tracts, each 1 mile square, called sections .

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Township-and range-system

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Measures the distance NORTH or SOUTH from the BASE LINE which is a designated parallel.

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Metes and Bounds System

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A surveyor's description of a parcel of real property, using carefully measured distances, angles, and directions, which results in what is called a "legal description" of the land, as distinguished from merely a street address or parcel number.

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Long-lot Survey System

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Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Mari times, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.

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Primogeniture

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System where the eldest son in a family, or in exceptional cases, a daughter inherits all of the parent's land.

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Commercial Agriculture

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Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory-type labor fores, and the latest technology.

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Monoculture

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Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

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Koppen Climatic Classification System

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Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.

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Climatic Regions

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Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics.

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Plantation Agriculture

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Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, many have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives.

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Livestock Ranching

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The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and byproducts (leather, wool).

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Mediterranean Agriculture

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Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer Mediterranean climate prevails (grapes, olives, figs, citrus, fruits, dates.

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Cash Crops

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A crop, such as tobacco, grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.

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Luxury Crops

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Non-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

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Agribusiness

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General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.

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Food Desert

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A district with little or no access to large grocery stores that offer fresh and affordable foods needed to maintain a healthy diet. Instead of such stores, these districts often contain many fast food restaurants and convenience stores.