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250 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is cartography and why is it important?
Map making.

Base of basic geography back when it first started.
Who was Eratocsthenes?
Librarian who first found the circumference of the earth by using the angles of the sun. He went on to map it out.

Known as the person who coined the word "geography"
Who was George Perkins Marsh?
"First modern environmentalist"

Wrote "Man and Nature," a man who provided first description of the effects on the land by humans.

First major finding was the conditions of the Fertile Crescent.
What was the importance in the finding in the Fertile Crescent?
George Perkins Marsh found that people were using up the resources to much, which transformed it into the desert like area we know today.

Put message out on conserving resources.
Who was Carl Sauer?
UC Berkly geographer who stated that focus of geographic inquires should be cultural landscapes, changing the course of geography in whole.
What are cultural landscapes?
The complex product of the relationships between humans and their environments. Changed the course of geography when it was brought to attention.
What are natural landscapes and where do they exist?
Areas not touched by humans, or that have had any effects by humans.

They do not exist in the world as every place has had some kind of effect done on them by humans.
What was the quantitative revolution?
Movement that stressed the use of empirical measurements, the testing of hypotheses, the development of mathematical models, and the use of computer programs to explain geographic patterns.

ie made geography into a real science.
What is environmental geography?
The focus on the cultural landscapes. The effects humans have had on the land and their environment.
What is cultural ecology?
The focus on the cultural landscapes. The effects humans have had on the land and their environment.
What is remote sensing?
The process of using airborne technology to get different pictures of the land and the different "parts/layers".
What is are Geographic Information Systems?
A family of software programs that allow geographers to map, analyze, and model spatial data.

Most use thermal layers.
What are thermal layers?
The different layers of the physical aspects of the land. Example roads, forest, soil, water, etc.
What are thermal layers used for?
They are map into a map. By taking each different layer and over lapping them one gets a comprehensive rich map with several pieces of information on one map to help find the relationships between things (if one is there).
What is physical geography?
The spatial characteristics of Earth's physical and biological systems.
What is an anthropogenic environmental change?
Human-induced change.
What is sustainability?
Approach that emphasizes the restraint of over use of resources to ensure enough resources for the future generations.
Who was W.D. Pattison?
University of Chicago geographer who split geography into four divisions:
*Earth-science tradition (physical geo)
*Cultural-environment tradition (environmental geo)
*Locational tradition (analysis of spatial data through cartography)
*Area-analysis tradition (regional geo)
What is spatial perspective?
Process of observing the spatial location of things and determining why and how those things occupy their specific locations.
What is Geographic scale?
Conceptual hierarchy of spaces, from small to large, that reflects actual levels of organization in the real world.
What is a region?

(yes really this is a question)
Area larger than a single city that contains unifying social or physical characteristics.
What is regional geography?
The study of regions.

(what a shocker)
What are functional regions?
Regions that have special identities because of the social and economic relationships that tie them together.
What are formal regions?
Regions that have specific characteristics that are relatively uniform from one place to another within that designated region.

Such as regional or physical aspects.
What are perceptual regions?
Regional that only exist in the minds of people.
What is "a sense of place"?
The attachment and way people feel about a certain area/region.
What are qualitative approaches?
Looking at cultural or regional geography. Not suited for statistical analyses and modeling.

Often collected through interviews, empirical observations, or the interpretations of texts, artwork, old maps, and archives.
What are qauntitavtice approaches?
Use of mathematical techniques that mainly look at economic, political and population geography where hard, numerical data abounds.

Used during most physical geography.
What is idiographic?
Facts or features that are unique to a particular place or region, such as its history or ethnic composition.
What is nomothetic?
Concepts that are universally applicable.
What is absolute location?
Use of the coordinate system to give a precise location based on lines of longitude and latitude.
What are the parallels?
Lines of longitude
What is a site?
Way of describing a location based only on the physical and cultural features of a place, not based on its relationship to the other places around it.
What is situation?
Way of describing a location based on the places around it.
What is relative location?
Way of describing a location based on the places around it.
What is absolute distance?
The exact measurement in standard units from one place to another.
What is relative distance?
The concept of how culturally or related one area is to another.

Usually described in a form of time or money.
What is connectivity?
The concept of how culturally or related one area is to another.

Usually described in a form of time or money.
What is topological space?
The concept of how culturally or related one area is to another.

Usually described in a form of time or money.
What is time-space convergence?
Idea that states that with the increase of transportation and technology the absolute distance between areas is shrinking.
What is Complementarity?
The degree of which once place can supply something that another place demands.
What are intervening opportunities?
The idea that the concept of Complementarity of a place is also based on the absolute distance. If two places offer the supply but one is closer to the demand, the one who is closer to the demand is the one who will send the supply
What is transferability?
The relationship of the costs of moving goods and the movement itself. As costs for moving the goods go up the transferability goes down.
What is accessibility?
The ability of a place to access a certain demand.
What is Tobler's First law of Geography (friction or distance)?
Idea that the distance between areas directly relates to how much interaction the two places have with each other.
What is the distance decay effect?
The farther away a place is from another the less interactions they have with each other.
What is the gravity model?
PiPj
------------
Dij^2

Used to determine the interaction between two places based on distance.
What is the law of retail gravitation?
States that people will be drawn to large cities to conduct their business since large cities have a wide influence on the areas around them.
What is the breaking point?
The outer edge of a large city's sphere of influence.
Spatial diffusion
The way that phenomena (tech innovations, cultural trends, etc) travel over distances.
What is Expansion diffusion?
Thing/process that is spreading remains in the origin while also spreading to surrounding areas.
What is contagious diffusion?
Type of expansion diffusion.

Something is transmitted over a distance by people who are close to other people (travelers)
What is Hierarchical diffusion?
Type of expansion diffusion.

Something is transmitted because of the level of interaction the two areas have with each other.
What is relocation diffusion?
Something is transmitted when people migrate from one place to another bring with them cultural traditions from their previous homelands.
What is a geoid?
The 2D flat map view of the spherical earth.
What is the Mercator projection?
A map that takes the spherical earth and places it on a 2D paper. Problems are that some places get distorted (especially near the poles).
What is Fuller's projection?
Way of making a map where all the land masses are accurately represented in size, but all the directions are changed making a compass useless.
What is Robinson projection?
Type of map that does not maintain accurate area, shape, distance, or direction, but minimizes the errors in each.

Most often used today.
What is Peters projection
Type of map that is an equal area map centered in Africa.
What are Azimuthal projections?
Type of map that is made when one places a piece of paper on the north or south pole of a globe and trace it. The center will always been one of the poles, giving it the feeling that you are look up or down at the earth.
What is simplification?
Process of adding or subtracting detail of a map based on the purpose.
What is aggregation?
The unit size under investigation of a map.
What is resolution of a map?
Refers to a map's smallest discernible unit.
What is a contour line/isoline?
Lines that represent quantities of equal value
What are Proportional symbols?
Certain symbols representing something on a map, and the bigger the symbol the more of it there is.
What are thematic maps?
Maps that display one or more variables across a specific space
What are Location charts?
Charts that convey a large amount of information by association charts with specific mapped locations.
What are Dot maps?
Maps that use dots to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences
What are Cartograms?
Maps where the bigger than population the bigger they appear on the map.
What are Visualizations?
Computer generated maps that allow people to interact with the map. Can see how an area has changed over time, "walk" through the area, etc

ex Google maps (street view)
What is a Cognitive map?
A person's internal geographic understanding of a place.
What are Preference maps?
Maps that show people's ideas about the environmental, social, or economic quality of life in carious places.
What is geodemography?
Population geography
What is the total fertility rate?
The average number of children born to a women over her entire life.
What is infant mortality rate?
The percentage of children who die before their first birthday.
What is life expectancy?
The average length of someone's life.
What is a crude birth rate?
The of live births per thousand people.
What is the crude death rate?
The number of deaths per thousand people.
What is the natural increase rate?
The difference between the crude birth rate and crude death rate.

Can be either positive or negative.
What is the demographic accounting equation?
Equation used to determine the population growth of an area.

P(t)...
+B(t,t+1) - D(t,t+1)
+I(t,t+1) - E(t,t+1)
What is migration?
Long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another.
What does emigrate mean?
People who are leaving the area.
What does immigrate mean?
People who are coming into an area.
What are push factors?
Factors that cause someone to emigrate from an area.
What are pull factors?
Factors that cause someone to immigrate to an area.
What is Voluntary migration?
What someone decides to leave a place for either push or pull factors.
What is chain migration?
Waves of people immigrating into an area after seeing the successfulness of others.
What is forced migration?
Someone is forced to leave their home.
What are intervening obstacles?
Things that keep someone from migrating to another area.
What are refugees?
People who have been forced out of their homeland.
What is internal migration?
Domestic movement.
What was the Rust Belt?
Area that used to be industrial powerhouse with vibrant economies. Lost much of their economy and factories started to close down.

Caused emigration into other places (Cotton Belt)
What was the Cotton belt?
Name south was called for his aggressive treatments of blacks and for its poor economy.
What was the Sun Belt and how did it come to be?
South area of US previously known as the Cotton Belt. Changed when the Rust Belt's economy failed and people started immigrating into the south. The economy was stimulated and became more powerhouse.
Who was Thomas Malthus?
Found that:
1. People needed food to survive
2. People have natural desire to reproduce

Saw food production had linear growth while population had exponential.
What is neo-Malthusian?
Idea that follows Thomas Malthus theory that because population is exponential and food production is linear, that one day the population will become to big and it will cause wide spread starvation and disease.
What are the problems with neo-Malthusian?
The theory failed to address:
*Technological advancements in agriculture
*Population grow slowing down due to self control
*Famine is usually caused by uneven distribution of food not lack of food.
What is the demographic transition model?
Model that shows the relationships between economic development and the birth and death rates.

Both start out high then progressively decline as time and improvement occurs, until the point were they are at about an equal low (birth is higher)
What are the problems with the demographic transition model?
Makes the process of development to simplistic. There are several other factors (internal and external) that effect the birth and death rate as well as the overall population
What are population pyramids?
Shows how a country's populace is distributed between males and females of various age.
What is a cohort and give an example of one.
A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treat as a statistical unit.

Example: Baby Boom
What is Generation X?
The generation after the Baby Boomers. They are not big in numbers and not unified by a single term.
What was the baby bust?
The period after the baby boom, where the natural increase rate down significantly.
What is the dependency ratio?
Percentage of people in a population who are either too old or too young to work and thus must be supported by others.
What is the relationship with the dependency ratio and generation x?
Because of the baby boom when they get to old generation x will experience a high dependency ratio.
What is arithmetic density?
The number of people living in a given unit area.
What is Physiologic density?
A ratio of human population to the area of cropland, used in less developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture.
What is the problem with artificially changing the carrying capacity?
Ecological degradation, loss of arable land, and harm to native ecosystems.
What is overpopulation and why is it so hard to define?
Area that has a breach of that area's carrying capacity.

It is hard to define because humans keep pushing the carry capacity so overpopulation does not really exist in the world today.
What is zero population growth?
Idea that activist want to prevent "overpopulation" since it has had negative effects on the environment.
What are artifacts? What are some example?
Material aspects of a culture.

Like clothing, tools, and artwork.
What are customs?
Practices followed by the people of a particular group.
What is a tradition?
A cohesive collection of customs.
What does it mean for cultures to be syncretic?
That they blend cultural traits from different contemporary sources.
What does it mean for cultures to be dynamic?
That they change over time.
What are cultural traits? What are some examples?
Specific customs that are part of everyday life.

Example include: language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture.
What is a cultural complex?
The group of traits that define a particular culture.
What are hearths?
Places of origins.
What is a transcultuation?
Cultures that expand broadly through processes of diffusion, adoption, and assimilation.
What is environmental determinism?
The belief that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental condition.
What is the idea of possibilism?
Belief that different enviromental conditions offer both restraints and opportunities to people living in various regions.

Preferred by geologists.
What does possibilism offer than environmental determinism does not?
It offers the idea that technology can influence a culture and their traits. As technology helps break the limitations of an environment.
Why is language important (in cultural geography)?
It is one of the oldest, most geographically diverse, and most complex cultural traits on earth.
What is a language family?
A collections of many languages, all of which came from the same original tongue long ago, but have since evolved different characteristics.
What is so important about the Indo-European family?
About 50% of the world's people speak languages belonging to it.
What is important about the Sino-Tibetan family?
20% of languages spoken belong to it. It is mostly found in Southeast Asia and China. It is the smallest major language family only consisting of five languages.
What are language groups?
A set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics.
What is the importance of the Romance languages?
It a language group that come from latin. Biggest modern language group.
What are Dialects?
Geographically distinct versions of a single language that vary somewhat from the parent form.
What are isoglosses?
Geographical boundary lines where different linguistic features meet.
What is a pidgin?
A simplified form of a language.
What is a Creole?
When a pidgin becomes the primary language of the people who speak it.
What is an international auxiliary language?
A language that was created to connect people of different languages to each other, through a common language.
What is Esperanto?
An example of a constructed international auxiliary language.It was created by L. Zamenhof, it combines features of a number of different linguistics groups into a single synthetic language. Though it did not diffuse like Zamenhof wanted to, it is still used in some instances.
What is a lingua franca?
An extremely simple language that combines aspects of two or more complex languages.
What is an official language?
An established language that a government of a country picks which all government business occurs in.
What is a polyglot?
A multilingual state
What is language extinction?
What happens when a language is no longer use by any living people.
What is social acculturation?
Refers to the adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.
What are the four(three) ways cultural extinction occurs?
When entire culture was obliterated by war, disease, acculturation, or combination of the three.
Why when looking at the literacy rates worldwide are they divided up into male and female rates?
Because some countries do not allow women to get a formal education.
What are toponyms?
The names different cultures give to various features of the earth such as settlements, terrain feature, steams, and other land features.
What are universalizing religions?
Religions that seek to unite different regions
What are local religions?
Those that are more spiritually bound to particular regions.
What are evangelical religions?
Religions that expand their membership using missionaries.
What re monotheistic religions?
Religious that teach the primacy of a single god.
What are polytheistic religions?
Religions that teach that there are multiple gods
What are global religions?
Religions that have members numerous and widespread and their doctrines appeal to different people from any region of the world.
What are ethnic religions?
Religions that appeal to small groups of people with a common heritage or to large groups of people living in a single region.
What is a shamanism religion?
Term for a local religion in which a single person takes on the roles of priest, counselor, and physician and claims a conduit to the supernatural world.
What is an Animism religion?
A class of local religious traditions, mostly from Africa and the Americas, in which the world is seen as being infused with spiritual and even supernatural powers.
How does ethnicity differ from race?
Ethnicity is more than just the physical characteristics, it is the person's perceived social and cultural identity
What are ethnic neighborhoods?
Concentrations of people from the same ethnicity in certain pickets of the city.
What is a ghetto?
A segregated part of the city, usually the least desirable part of the city, where people of a certain ethnicity are forced to live.
What is diaspora?
The experiences of people who come from a common ethnic background but who live in different regions or ethnic neighborhoods.
What is folk culture?
A constellation of cultural practices that form the sights, smells, sounds, and rituals of everyday existence in the traditional societies in which they developed.
What is pop culture?
A notion of cultural productions fueled by mass media and consumerism.
What is cultural imperialism?
When a culture diffuses into a region and caues people to lose their traditional ways of life in favor of a cheap entertainment and disposable goods.
What are theocracies?
Governments controlled through divine guidance or religious leadership.
What is a state?
A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community?
What is a stateless nation?
A group of people with a common political identity who do not have a territorially defined, sovereign country of their own.
What is a nation-state?
A geographically defined sovereign state composted of citizens with a common heritage, identity, and set of political goals.

NOTE: This situation rarely (if ever) exists in the modern real world.
What is territorial organization?
Countries that are organized into a geographically based on hierarchy of local government agencies.
What is devolution?
The process by which central governments delegate statutory powers to lower levels of government, such as the state and county.
What are unitary states?
States that give little or no autonomy to their local territories.
What is reapportionment/redistricting?
When the US takes a census and redraws the congressional districts to reflex the new population.
What does gerrymandered mean?
A congressional district was drawn to favor one set of candidates over another.
What are mircostates?
States borders that are located within the larger border of another country.
What is a fragmented state?
An island like state that is broken up.
What is an elongated state?
A state in which one part is stretched out.
What is a compact state?
A state that is round in shape.
What are perforated states?
States that have holes in them. ie they have another country inside them (a mirostate)
What is a prorupted state?
A state in which one part "jutting" out of it. (Like the panhadle)
What are exclaves?
Parts of a country that are in another area.
What are geometric boundaries?
Boundaries that follow straight lines and have little to do with the natural or cultural landscape.
What are subsequent boundaries?
Boundaries that are drawn after a population has establish itself and respect existing spatial patterns of certain social, cultural, and ethnic groups.
What is an antecedent boundary?
A boundary that is drawn before the area is populated.
What are superimposed boundaries?
Boundaries that are drawn after a population has been settled in an area and do not pay much attention to the social, cultural, and ethnic compositions they divide.
What is a relic boundary?
A national border that no longer exists, but has left some imprint on the local cultural or environmental geography.
What are centrifugal forces?
Forces that pull countries apart and include regionalism, ethnic strife, and territorial disputes.
What is Balkanization?
The contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries.
What are centripetal forces?
Forces that bind countries together and include strong national institutions, a sense of common history. and a reliance on strong central government.
What does "frontier" refer to?
An area where borders are shifting and weak, and where peoples of different cultures or nationalities meet and lay claim to the land.
What is a buffer state?
A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers. The existence of a buffer state may help prevent dangerous conflicts between two powerful nations.
What is the law of the sea?
Law establishing states' rights and responsibility concerning the ownership and use of the earth's seas and oceans and their resources.
What is self-dertermination and what type of countries show this?
The right of a nation to govern itself autonomously and thus determine its own destiny. Shown by those who are under colonial powers.
What is the organic theory?
The idea that if a country does not expand its land it will eventually disintegrate.
What is geopolitics?
The idea that if a country does not expand its land it will eventually disintegrate.
What was lebensraum?
The idea that a nation (Germany) needed to go get more living land for its people.
What is the hearthland theory?
Who every rules the heartland (Northern and Central Asia) would "rule the world"
What is the rimland?
The area around the hearthland argued by Nicholas Spykman is more important to control that the hearthland to "rule the world"
What are supranational organizations?
International organizations but require its member nations to give up some of their power for the favor of group interests.
What is the Commonwealth of Independent States?
A confederacy made up of independent states of the former Soviet Union who have united because of their common economic and administrative needs.
What is Fordism?
The perfection of standardized mass production.
What are the industrialized countries?
Britain, France, US, Russia, Germany, and Japan
What is a service based economy?
Economy that focused on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications.
What is deindustrialization?
When industrial facilities leave an area, taking that region's economic base with them
What is the backwash effect?
When one region's economic gain translates into another's economic loss.
What is E=commerce?
Web based economic activities.
What are transnational corporations?
Corperations that take advantage of geographic differences in wages, labor laws, enviromental regulations, taxes, and the distribution of natural resources by locating various aspects of their production in different countries.

(ie they screw the rules cuz they got money)
What are conglomerate corporations?
Firms that are comprised of many smaller firms that serve different functions.
What are Export-processing zones?
Areas officially designated for manufacturing of and often have accessible distribution facilities, lax environmental restrictions, and attractive tax exemptions for foreign corporations.
What is maquiladoras?
An modern example of an export-processing zone located on the border of the US and Mexico.
What is outsourcing?
The process of moving industrial production or service industries to external facilities or organizations often out of the country.
What are bulk gaining industries?
Industries that assemble products whose weight is greater after assembly, such as soda bottle companies. They tend to have their corporations around their market.
What are bulk reducing industries?
Industries that the final product weighs less than its constituent parts. Include industries based on large amounts of raw materials, such as sawmills.
What is a break-bulk point?
A place where large shipments of goods are broken up into smaller containers to ship to local markets.
What are offshore financial centers?
A strategy encouraged by some governments. Provide a low-profile way for companies and individuals to conduct financial translations and to avoid high taxes.
What are primary economic activates?
Actions involved with the harvest or extraction of raw materials.

Ex: fishing, agriculture, etc
What are secondary economic activities?
Actions that are generally associated with the assembly of raw materials into goods for consumption.

Ex: manufacturing and textile
What are tertiary economic activities?
Actions involved in the exchanged of goods produced in secondary activities.

Ex: retail, restaurants, etc
What are quaternary economic activities?
Actions that include research and development, teaching, tourism, and other endeavors having to do with generating or exchange of knowledge.
What are quinary economic activities?
Actions that are generally considered a subset of quaternary activities and are those that involve high-level decision making and scientific research.
What is Rostow's stages of development?
Idea that all countries undergo five stages of economic development.
1. Dominated by primary activities and per capita income remains low
2. Preconditions for economic development rise
3. Foreign investment pours in jump starting the already preped economy
4. Country develops a broad manufacturing and commercial base.
5. High per capita incomes and high levels of mass consumption.
Why is development so hard to measure?
To many factors to look at and just measure.
What is Gross National Product (GNP)?
A measure of all the goods and services produced by a country in a year, including those generated from its investments abroad.
What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and why was it created?
Accounts for what money actually buys within different countries. Made because GNP failed to take into account currency differences thus always resulting in a lower GNP score for developing nations.
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and why was it created?
Just like GNP but it does not count outside investments. Created because GNP failed to account for capital lost through the exploration of natural resources.
What is Net National Product (NNP)?
A measure of all goods and serviettes produced by a country in a year, including production from its investments abroad minus the loss or degradation of natural resource capital as a result of productivity.
What is the problem with the NNP?
The cost of the natural resources used. How does one put a value amount on an forest that was cut down. Very hard to calculate.
What is the Human Development Index?
Calculates development not in terms of money or productivity, but in terms of human welfare.
What are the three parts of the core-periphery model?
Core-Made up of countries with relatively high per-capita incomes and high standards of living
Semiperiphery- newly industrialized countries with median standards
Periphery-less developed countries
What is the least-cost theory?
Firms pick locations in which cost less money to sell and produce (shocker!)
What are footloose firms?
Firms that have no desire to be close to their product or the market since their product is lightweight and valuable.
What does spatially fixed costs mean?
Product price does not change based on where it is made.
What is spatially variable costs?
Products who price depend on where they are created.
What is agglomeration?
When companies of the same kind stay in one area that is beneficial to them.
What are ancillary activities?
Economic activities that surround and support large-scale industries.
What is deglomeration?
What happens when firms leave an agglomerated region to start up in a distant, new place.
What is sustainable development?
An attempt to address the issues of social welfare and environmental protection within the context of capitalism and economic growth.
What is globalization?
The idea that the world is becoming integrated on a global scale such that smaller scales of political and economic life are becoming obsolete.
What is extensive agriculture?
An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area.
What is intensive cultivation?
Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield.
What is planned agricultural economies?
Communist-controlled countries where the government controls both the supply and the price of good that are distributed through government agencies.
What is capital-intensive agriculture?
Methods which use mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agriculture goods, a process requiting very little human labor.
What is labor-intensive agriculture?
Use human hands in large abundance to produce a given amount of output.
What is slash-and-burn agriculture?
Farmers raise the vegetation in a plot, farm it for a few years then move on to another plot with fresh soil.
What is swidden?
Land that is prepared for agriculture by using the slash-and-burn method
What is shifting cultivation?
The use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost.
What is pastoralism?
Agricultural method in which farmers are trying to find food supply for their livestock constantly therefore causing them to live a nomadic life.
What is animal husbandry?
Agricultural method in which farmers are trying to find food supply for their livestock constantly therefore causing them to live a nomadic life.
What is the Green Revoltion?
When developed countries realized the detrimental effects these new technologies wreaked on the environment.
What was the von Thunen model?
The idea that rent, or land value will decrease the farther one gets away from central markets.
What are feedlots?
Places where livestock are concentrated in a very small area and raised on hormones and hearty grains that prepare them for slaughter at a much more rapid rate than grazing

aka factory farms.
What is desertification?
The process by which formerly fertile lands become increasingly arid, unproductive and desert-like.
What is urban sprawl?
The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land.
What are gateway cites?
Cities that acted as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas.
What are medieval cities?
Cities that were extremely densely packed with narrow buildings and winding streets, contain an ornate church that prominently makes the city center, and are surrounded by high walls that provided defense against attack.
What is the hinterland?
The market area surrounding an urban center, which that urban center serves.
What is the rank-size rule?
Rule that states that the population of any given town should be inversely proportional to its rank in the country's hierarchy when the distribution of cities according to their sizes follows a certain pattern.