Ap Human Chapter Nine

Front 1

Active Solar Energy systems

Back 1

Solar energy systems that collect energy through the use of mechanical deviced such as photoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors.

Front 2

Adolescent Fertility Rate

Back 2

The number of births per 1,000 women ages 15-19

Front 3

Biomass Fuel

Back 3

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

Front 4

Breeder reactor

Back 4

A nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium

Front 5

Demand

Back 5

The quantity of something that consumers are willing and want to buy.

Front 6

Developed Country

Back 6

A country that has progressed relatively far along a countinuum of development

Front 7

Developing Country

Back 7

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development.

Front 8

Development

Back 8

A process of improvment in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology.

Front 9

Fair Trade

Back 9

An alternative to international trade that emphasizes small businesses and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay for workers fair wages, permit union organization, and comply with minimum enviornmental and saftey standards.

Front 10

Female Labor Force Participation Rate

Back 10

The percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home

Front 11

Fission

Back 11

The splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy

Front 12

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

Back 12

Invest made by a foreign company in the economy of another country.

Front 13

Fossil Fuel

Back 13

An enerfy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago.

Front 14

Fracking (hydraulic fracturing)

Back 14

The pumping of water at high pressure to break apart rocks in release natural gas

Front 15

Fusion

Back 15

Creation of energy by joining the nuclei of two hydrogen atoms to form helium.

Front 16

Gender Inquality index (GII)

Back 16

A measure of th extent of each country's gender inequality

Front 17

Geothermal Energy

Back 17

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks

Front 18

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Back 18

The value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period (normally one year)

Front 19

Gross National Income (GNI)

Back 19

The value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country.

Front 20

Housing Bubble

Back 20

A rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value.

Front 21

Human Development Index (HDI)

Back 21

An indicator of the level of development for each country, constructed by th United Nations, that is based on income, literacy, educations, and life expectancy

Front 22

Hydroelectric power

Back 22

Power generated from moving water

Front 23

Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI)

Back 23

Modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country.

Front 24

Literacy rate

Back 24

The percentage of a country's people who can read and write.

Front 25

Maternal Mortality Ratio

Back 25

The number of women who die giving birth per 100,000 births.

Front 26

Microfinance

Back 26

Provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries.

Front 27

Millennium Development Goals

Back 27

Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015

Front 28

Nonrenewable Energy

Back 28

A source of energy that has a finite supply cappable of being exhausted.

Front 29

Passive Solar Energy Systems

Back 29

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices

Front 30

Photovolatic Cell

Back 30

A solar energy cell, usually made from silicon, that collects solar rays to generate electricity

Front 31

Potential Reserve

Back 31

The amount of resource not indentified but thought to exist

Front 32

Primary Sector

Back 32

The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry.

Front 33

Productivity

Back 33

The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it

Front 34

Proven Reserve

Back 34

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits

Front 35

Purchasing Party Parity (PPP)

Back 35

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country; PPP adjusts income figures to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods.

Front 36

Radioactive Waste

Back 36

Materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation; contact with such particles may be harmful or lethal to people; therefore, the materials must be safely stored for thousands of years.

Front 37

Renewable Energy

Back 37

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited suppply and is not depleted when used by humans.

Front 38

Secondary Sector

Back 38

The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials.

Front 39

Structural Adjustment Program

Back 39

Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions ecouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services.

Front 40

Supply

Back 40

The quantity of something that producers have available for sale.

Front 41

Tertiary Sector

Back 41

The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communications, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all foods and services to people, in exchange for payment.

Front 42

Uneven Development

Back 42

Development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery

Front 43

Value Added

Back 43

The gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy.

Front 44

Rostow’s Model of development

Back 44

One of the major historical models of economic growth. It was published by American economist Walt Whitman Rostow in 1960. The model postulates that economic growth occurs in five basic stages, of varying length

Front 45

Wallerstein’s World Systems

Back 45

The world systems theory, developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, is an approach to world history and social change that suggests there is a world economic system in which some countries benefit while others are exploited.

Front 46

Core

Back 46

dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for labor and raw materials in World Systems theory

Front 47

Periphery

Back 47

countries that provide the labor and raw materials to the core

Front 48

Semi-periphery

Back 48

countries that are industrializing, mostly capitalist countries which are positioned between periphery and core countries.

Front 49

Sustainable development

Back 49

economic development that is conducted without depletion of natural resources

Front 50

Ecotourism

Back 50

tourism directed toward exotic, often threatened, natural environments, especially to support conservation efforts and observe wildlife.

Front 51

Quaternary Sector

Back 51

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Front 52

Quianary sector

Back 52

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge skill (scientific research, high-level management).