Ap History Term Sheet 2

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Albany Plan

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A 1754 plan submitted by Benjamin Franklin during the French and Indian War in Albany, New York, which called for the colonies to unify in the face of French and Native American threats. The delegates approved the plan, but the colonies rejected it for fear of losing too much power. The Crown did not support the plan either, as it was wary of too much cooperation between the colonies.

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James Wolfe

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a general who took the French and Indian War into Quebec, by leading 500 soldiers into Montcalm by climbing a cliff to enter and surprise the people of Montcalm. Died in battle.

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William Pitt

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The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War, who increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies that caused England to win the war.

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Iroquois Confederacy

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A group, widely regarded as the most powerful of all Indian tribes during French and British colonization that originally consisted of the Mohawk, the Oneida, the Onondaga, the Cayuga, and the Seneca. A sixth tribe, the Tuscarora, joined after the original five nations were formed. When Europeans first arrived in North America, they were based in what is now today as upstate New York.

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Treaty of Paris 1763

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The end of the French and Indian War, which resulted in France losing Canada and land east of the Mississippi to the British, and New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

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Pontiac's Rebellion

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a 1763 conflict between Native Americans and the British over settlement of Indian lands in the Great Lakes area

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Proclamation of 1763

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A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

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Paxton Boys

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a group of Scots and Irish men living in the Appalachian hills that wanted protection from Indian attacks. They made an armed march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting the lenient way that the Quakers treated the Indians. Their ideas started the Regulator Movement in North Carolina.

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Sugar Act

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In 1764, the British were deeply in debt to French & Indian War, so the English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. Colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors

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Stamp Act

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an act passed by the British parliament in 1756 that raised revenue from the American colonies by a duty in the form of a stamp required on all newspapers and legal or commercial documents

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Stamp Act Congress

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A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies that was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act. It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

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Samuel Adams

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Massachusetts Revolutionary leader and propagandist who organized opposition to
British policies after 1764, by proposing a united plea for repeal of Townshend Duties and another pan-colonial congress, and circulating his own exaggerated version of events around colonies. He was also a radical member of Sons of Liberty who worried that violence of group would discredit it.

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Writs of assistance

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a part of the Townshend Acts that said the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

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Townshend Acts

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An indirect customs duty payable at American port imposed on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea in 1767

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Quartering Acts

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colonists were required to provide housing and food to British soldiers

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Virtual representation

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British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

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George Grenville

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prime minister of Britain in 1763 who persuaded the Parliament to pass a law
allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury, in order to end smuggling.

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"No taxation without representation"

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a claim that taxes were unjust, insisting only the colonists or
their elected representatives had the right to pass taxes, the parliament had no right to tax them since colonists didn't elect them, and they were willing to pay taxes only if their colonial legislatures passed
them.

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Boston Tea Party

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1773 demonstration by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

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Committees of Correspondence

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a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England
and throughout the colonies organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, which provided the
organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.

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Gaspee Incident

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HMS Gaspee, a British revenue schooner that had been vigorously enforcing
unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water, on June 9,1772 near what is now known as
Gaspee Point in Warwick, Rhode Island while chasing the packet boat Hannah. In an act of defiance that gained considerable notoriety, the ship was attacked, boarded, stripped of valuables and torched by American patriots led by Abraham Whipple.

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Coercive Acts

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very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance by closing down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea and forcing Bostonians to shelter soldiers in their own homes.

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Quebec Act

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designed to facilitate the incorporation of French Canadians into British America. Colonists feared a precedent had been established in the nonrepresentative government in Quebec, offended by the Crown's recognition of Catholicism, since most Americans were Protestants and resented the expansion of Quebec's territory, which they had been denied access by the Proclamation of 1763.

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Lord North

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Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782 who repealed the Townshend Acts, but generally went along with King George Ill's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

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First Continental Congress

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convened on September 5,1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The
congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to
King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

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Lexington and Concord

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In April 8, 1775, Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adams and Hancock. In April 19, 1775, 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way in Concord.

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Thomas Paine

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Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man.

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Battle of Bunker Hill

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First major battle of the Revolutionary war, which showed that the Americans
could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were
forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands, even though the British suffered more deaths.

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Patrick Henry

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a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799). Most well-known for, "Give me liberty or give me death!"

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Second Continental Congress

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organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops,
selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776

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Olive Branch Petition

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On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775
passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

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American Prohibitory Act

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Sent the Royal navy to capture the US navy, declared America as enemies of England, and forbade all trade with colonies

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Lee's Resolutions

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Act proposed by Richard Henry Lee of 2nd Continental Congress on June 7,1776, declaring colonies free form England.

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John Dickinson

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Drafted a declaration of colonial rights and grievances, and also wrote the series of
"Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" in 1767 to protest the Townshend Acts. Although an outspoken critic of British policies towards the colonies, Dickinson opposed the Revolution, and, as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1776, refused to sign the Declaration of Independence.

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Fort Ticonderoga

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a British fort captured by American revolutionary troops in May 1775, giving the
Americans plenty of ammunition. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold joined forces to capture the fort, with Green Mountain Boys

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Nathanial Greene

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- general appointed by Washington to control Southern campaign - was conciliatory towards loyalists and neutrals

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Treaty of Alliance 1778

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An alliance between the US and France after the American Revolution, which was annulled after the death of the King during the French Revolution

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Loyalists

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American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence

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Patriots

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American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

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Nathan Hale

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a soldier of the American Revolution who was hanged as a spy by the British. His famous quote was, "I only regret that I had but one life to lose for my country."

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Continentals

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Paper bills issued by the Continental Congress to finance the revolution; supposed to be exchanged for silver but the overprinting of bills made them basically worthless.

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Charles Cornwallis

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Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.

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John Paul Jones

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A daring, young Scottish commander of one of America's ship, who helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777 and brought war into the water of the British seas. Quoted for, "I have not yet begun to fight."

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George Rogers Clark

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Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, and secured the Northwest Territory for America

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Battles of Trenton and Princeton

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Washington crossed Delaware, surprised Hessians at Trenton, went on to win at Princeton, giving new hope to Americans after defeats in New York, This vindicated Washington as general-in-chief after his defeats in New York and improved American morale and patriotism

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Valley Forge

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Washington's army spends the winter of 1777-1778 training with Steuben, a quarter of the troops die of malnutrition and disease

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Battle of Saratoga

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Important turning point of the American Revolution, because it convinced the French to give the u.s. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

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Hessians

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German mercenaries hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty.

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Baron Friedrich von Steuben

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This Prussian Baron is credited with training and making the Continental Army into a legitimate fighting force at Valley Forge. Some say he was the third most important leader of the Revolutionary War.

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Militia

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the entire body of physically fit civilians eligible by law for military service

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Charles Lee

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sent to harass Clinton's rear guard and is later court martialed for fleeing a battle

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Graft

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the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage

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Black market

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an illegal market in which goods or currencies are bought and sold in violation of rationing or controls

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Benedict Arnold

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He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.

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Francis Marion

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South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution

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Yorktown

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The last major battle of the war in which Charles Cornwallis surrendered to George
Washington, with French assistance, causing colonial victory and the end ofthe war. In 1781, during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops

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Thomas Hutchinson

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Lieutenant Governor (and later Governor) of Massachusetts. Advocated limiting the English liberties for American colonists. British sympathist prior to the American Revolution who believed the tea tax was unjust, but disagreed that the colonists had a right to rebel. He angered Boston's radicals when he ordered the tea ships not to clear the Boston harbor until they had unloaded their cargoes

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John Hancock

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Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

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Treaty of Paris

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1783 February 3; American delegates Franklin, Adams, John Jay were instructed to
follow the lead of France; John Jay makes side treaty with England; Independence of the Us with the end of Loyalist persecution; colonies still had to repay its debt to England

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Salutary neglect

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idea that the colonies benefited by being left alone, without too much British interference

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Natural rights

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rights not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of any particular culture or government, and therefore universal and inalienable

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Boston Massacre

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incident on March 5,1770, in which British Army soldiers killed five civilian men and
injured six others. British troops had been stationed in Boston, capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, since 1768 in order to protect and support crown-appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation. Defended by the lawyer and future American President, John Adams, six of the soldiers were acquitted, while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and
given reduced sentences.