Ap History Chapter 9 Vocab

Front 1

Adams – Onis Treaty

Back 1

Signed by Secretary of state John Quincy Adams and Spanish minister Luis de onis in 1819, this treaty allowed for U.S. annexation of Florida.

Front 2

Claims Associations

Back 2

Claim Associations were frontier institutions designed to provide a quasi-legal land system in areas where no land law existed

Front 3

“Preemption” Rights

Back 3

Also called squatter's rights, the right of first purchase of public land. Settlers enjoyed this right even if they squatted on the land in advance of government surveyors.

Front 4

National Road

Back 4

one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government built between Cumberland, Maryland on the Potomac and Wheeling, Virginia on the Ohio and later Illinois.

Front 5

Erie Canal

Back 5

waterway in New York that runs about 363 miles (584 km) from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo

Front 6

Cotton Gin

Back 6

a machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job formerly performed by hand. Invented by Eli Whitney and cut the labor costs involved in cleaning short-staple cotton, making it an easily marketable commodity

Front 7

Balance of Power (between North and South)

Back 7

slave states and free states were admitted alternately to keep the power equal between the north and the south. Major concern for the south regarding the Missouri Compromise

Front 8

“Putting Out” System

Back 8

system of manufacturing under which merchant capitalists provided raw material to people in their own homes picked up the finished or partially finished products, paid the workers, and took charge of distribution.

Front 9

Lowell factories

Back 9

Lowell, Massachusetts, became the great showplace for American industrialization. It captured middle class imaginations in the 1820s and 1830s, but conditions took a turn for the worse in the late 1830s and 1840s

Front 10

Second Bank of the US

Back 10

had a 20 year deal, authorized 35 million dollars in capital, with the right to establish branches as needed

Front 11

“American System”

Back 11

federalist, called for a 25% tariff to stimulate industrial growth, created a home marked for all American industries, and created a self sufficient nation.

Front 12

“Era of Good Feelings”

Back 12

labeled Monroe's two terms of presidency. The appearance of national harmony due to the lack of a party system.

Front 13

Tallmadge Amendment

Back 13

In 1819, James Tallmadge of NY introduced an amendment to the statehood bill that banned further introduction of slaves into Missouri and requiring steps toward gradual emancipation.

Front 14

McCulloch v. Maryland

Back 14

Maryland had levied a tax on the Baltimore branch of the bank of the U.S. Marshall decided that the tax was unconstitutional. It was decided through implied powers that Congress had the right to establish a national bank and that states did not have the right to tax or regulate a federal agency

Front 15

John Calhoun

Back 15

was a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. A powerful intellect, Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs and he recommended internal improvements; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promotion of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.

Front 16

John Quincy Adams

Back 16

was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties

Front 17

James Monroe

Back 17

Monroe was chosen as Jefferson's sucessor in 1816. He was a Virginian that served 2 terms. He had been an officer in the Revolution, governor of Virginia, and an emissiary to france. He was Republican and tried to maintain national harmony. He tried to encourage the era of good feelings and avoid conflict.

Front 18

Blackhawk

Back 18

a faction of the confederated Sac and Fox Indians under Chief BlackHawk refused to abandon their lands east of the Mississippi. Federal troops and Illinois state militia pursued black hawks band and drove the Indians back to the river, where they were almost exterminated while attempting to cross to the western bank.

Front 19

Henry Clay

Back 19

a 19th-century American planter, statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.

Front 20

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Back 20

Ruled that New Hampshire did not have the right to convert Dartmouth from a private college into a university. Marshall made the determination that any charter granted by a state to a private corporation was fully protected by the contract clause. Ruling increased the power and independence of business corporations by weakening the ability of the states to regulate them or withdraw their priviledges.

Front 21

Implied Powers

Back 21

those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated. When George Washington asked Alexander Hamilton to defend the constitutionality of the First Bank of the United States against the protests of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph, Hamilton produced what has now become the classic statement for implied powers.

Front 22

Monroe Doctrine

Back 22

a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. The doctrine was introduced by President Monroe when he was enraged at the actions being executed around him. The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries but that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries.

Front 23

European Grand Alliance

Back 23

In 1814, the monarchs of Europe had joined in a "Grand Alliance" to protect "legitimate" authoritarian governments from democratic challenges

Front 24

Missouri Compromise

Back 24

agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30'

Front 25

gibbons v. ogden

Back 25

a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution

Front 26

specie

Back 26

the currency that was used, coins or hard money.

Front 27

national road

Back 27

one of the first major improved highways in the United States to be built by the federal government.

Front 28

whig party (formation of)

Back 28

fought for independence and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing tyranny.

Front 29

panic of 1819

Back 29

the first major financial crisis in the United States, which occurred during the end of the Era of Good Feelings. The new nation faced a depression in the late 1780s (which led directly to the establishment of the dollar and, perhaps indirectly, to the calls for a Constitutional Convention), and another severe economic downturn in the late 1790s following the Panic of 1797.

Front 30

robert fulton (clermont)

Back 30

an American engineer and inventor who is widely credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat.

Front 31

john jacob aster

Back 31

the first prominent member of the Astor family and the first multi-millionaire in the United States. He was the creator of the first trust in America, from which he made his fortune in fur trading, real estate and opium