Ap History

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portugal

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•a republic in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula; Portuguese explorers and colonists in the 15th and 16th centuries created a vast overseas empire (including Brazil)

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england

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•England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the North Sea to the east, with the English Channel to the south separating it

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lisbon

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•capital and largest city and economic and cultural center of Portugal; a major port in western Portugal on Tagus River where it broadens and empties into the Atlantic

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azore islands

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•The Azores (pronounced "AY-zorz" or "uh-ZORZ"; Açores; ) is a Portuguese archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about from Lisbon and about from the east coast of North America.

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philippine islands

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•Philippines: an archipelago in the southwestern Pacific including some 7000 islands

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calicut

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•Kozhikode (Malayalam:, ), also known as Calicut, is a city in the southern Indian state of Kerala. It is the third largest city in Kerala and the headquarters of Kozhikode district. ...

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cape of good hope

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•The Cape of Good Hope (Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Dutch: , Cabo da Boa Esperança) is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of South Africa.

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westerlies

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•The Westerlies, anti-trades, or Prevailing Westerlies, are the prevailing winds in the middle latitudes between 35 and 65 degrees latitude, blowing from the high pressure area in the horse latitudes towards the poles

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hawaiian islands

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•a group of volcanic and coral islands in the central Pacific

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martin luther

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•Luther: German theologian who led the Reformation; believed that salvation is granted on the basis of faith rather than deeds (1483-1546)

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henery the 8th

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•son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538, leading to the start of the Reformation in England (1491-1547)

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concil of trent

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•a council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy

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thirty years' war

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•a series of conflicts (1618-1648) between Protestants and Catholics starting in Germany and spreading until France and Denmark and Sweden were opposing the Holy Roman Empire and Spain

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protestant

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•Protestantism is one of the three major divisions within Christianity (or four, if Anglicanism is considered separately) together with the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. ...

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siege of vienna

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•The Siege of Vienna in 1529 was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire, led by Suleiman the Magnificent, to capture the city of Vienna, Austria

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glorious revolution

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•English Revolution: the revolution against James II; there was little armed resistance to William and Mary in England although battles were fought in Scotland and Ireland (1688-1689)

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peter 1

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•czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government; he extended his territories in the Baltic and founded St. Petersburg (1682-1725)

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st. petersburg

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•a city in western Florida on Tampa Bay; a popular winter resort
•a city in the European part of Russia; 2nd largest Russian city; located at the head of the Gulf of Finland; former capital of Russia

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balance of power

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•In parliamentary politics, the term balance of power sometimes describes the pragmatic mechanism exercised by a minor political party or other grouping whose guaranteed support may enable an otherwise minority government to obtain and hold office.

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adam smith

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•Smith: Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

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VOC

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•The Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie or VOC in Dutch, literally "United East Indian Company") was a chartered company established in 1602, when the States-General of the Netherlands granted it a 21-year monopoly to carry out colonial activities in Asia

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ptolemaic universe

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•In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as "geocentrism, "geocentricism," or the Ptolemaic view of the universe), is the theory, now superseded, that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects go around it. Belief in this system was common in ancient Greece.

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newton

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•English mathematician and physicist; remembered for developing the calculus and for his law of gravitation and his three laws of motion (1642-1727)

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john locke

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•Locke: English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704

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hernan cortes

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•Cortes: Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

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spain

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•Spain ( ; España, ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.

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netherlands

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•The Netherlands (; Nederland, ) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located in North-West Europe. It is a parliamentary democratic constitutional monarchy. The Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east

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cape verde islands

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•The Republic of Cape Verde (; Cabo Verde, ) is an island country, spanning an archipelago located in the Macaronesia ecoregion of the Central Atlantic Ocean, off the western coast of Africa, opposite Mauritania and Senegal.

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canary islands

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•a group of mountainous islands in the Atlantic off the northwest coast of Africa forming Spanish provinces

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straits of melaka

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•The Strait of Malacca is a narrow, 805 km (500 mile) stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra. It is named after the Empire of Melaka that ruled over the archipelago between 1414 to 1511.

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ottoman empire

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Powerful Turkish empire that lasted from the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453 until 1918 and reached its peak during the reign of Süleyman the Magnificent (r. 1520-1566).

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northeast trade winds

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siberia

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•Siberia (Сибирь|r=Sibir'|p=sʲıˈbirʲ), is the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving as the massive central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, having served in the same capacity previously for the USSR from its beginning

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java

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•Java (Jawa) is an island of Indonesia and the site of its capital city, Jakarta. Once the center of powerful Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms, Islamic sultanates, and the core of the colonial Dutch East Indies, Java now plays a dominant role in the economic and political life of Indonesia

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ninety-five theses

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•The Ninety-Five Theses on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences (Disputatio pro declaratione virtutis indulgentiarum), commonly known as The Ninety-Five Theses, were written by Martin Luther in 1517 and are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation

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missionary

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•someone who attempts to convert others to a particular doctrine or program

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society of jesus

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•a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen; it is strongly committed to education and scholarship

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tready of westphalia

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•The term Peace of Westphalia denotes the two peace treaties of Osnabrück (15 May 1648) and Münster (24 October 1648) that ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years' War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.

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charles V

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•Charles V may refer to: * Charles V of France (1338 – 1380), called the Wise * Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500 – 1558), also Charles I of Spain, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and the Netherlands * Charles V, Duke of Lorraine (1643 – 1690) * Charles V of Naples (1661 – 1700),

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spanish inquisition

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•an inquisition initiated in 1478 by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries); "the Spanish Inquisition was administered by both civil and church authorities which gave it ultimate power";

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louis XIV

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•king of France from 1643 to 1715; his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles (1638-1715)

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versailes

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•a city in north central France near Paris; site of the Palace of Versailles that was built by Louis XIV in the 17th century

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catherine II

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•empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796

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capitalism

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•an economic system based on private ownership of capital

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joint-stock companies

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•These were developed to gather the savings from the middle class to support finance colonies

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putting-out system

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•The putting-out system was a means of subcontracting work. It was also known as the workshop system. In putting-out, work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facility, usually their own home

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copernican

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•Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was the first astronomer to formulate a comprehensive heliocentric cosmology, which displaced the Earth from the center of the universe.

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diesm

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•the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation

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dona marina/malintzin

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tready of tordesillas

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•The Treaty of Tordesillas (Portuguese: Tratado de Tordesilhas, Spanish: Tratado de Tordesillas), signed at Tordesillas (now in Valladolid province, Spain), 7 June 1494, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape