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189 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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power
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the capacity to get people to do something that they would not otherwise do; motivation for political activity
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public goods
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everyone must share! (clean air and water)
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political participation methods
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voting, protest, civil disobedience (ways in which people influence politics)
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policy agenda
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issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people usually involved in politics at any point
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political systems
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set of institutions and activities that link together people, politics, and policy
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linkage institutions
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political channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the policy agenda; elections, political parties, media, interest groups
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traditional democratic theory
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equality in voting, effective participation, enlightened understanding, citizen control of agenda, inclusion
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pluralism
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theory of government and politics emphasizing that politics is mainly a competition among groups, each one pressing for its own preferred politics
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hyperpluralism
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groups are so strong that government is weakened
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elitism/class theory
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societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule, regardless of the formal niceties of government
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popular sovereignty
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concept that political and legislative power resides with the citizens
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minority rights
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guarantees rights to those who do not belong to majorities and allows that they might join majorities through persuasion and reasoned argument
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government
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institution and processes through which public policies are made for a society
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politics
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process by which we select our governmental leaders and what policies these leaders pursue; produces authoritative decisions about public issues
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public policy
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choice that governement makes in response to a political issue
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policy
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course of action taken with regard to some problem
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political issue
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issue that arises when people disagree about a problem and how to fix it
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democracy
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system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the people's preferences
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direct democracy
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initiative, referendum, recall; have a direct effect of on policymaking and political process by voting
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indirect democracy
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elected policymakers make the laws without help from the constituency
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majority rule
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choosing among alternatives requires that the majority's desire be respected
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representation
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basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and many followers
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political ethics
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set of unwritten rules that govern how politicians conduct themselves
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republic
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form of government that derives its power from the people, elect representatives to make laws
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constitution
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nation's basic law; created political institutions, assigns/divides powers of government, provides certain guarantees to citizens
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Declaration of Independence
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document approved by reps of American colonies in 1776 that states grievances against king
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consent of the governed
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idea that government derives its authority by sanction of the people
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Articles of Confederation
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first constitution of US; adopted 1777, enacted 1781; established national legislature, continental congress, most power in states
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factions
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interest groups arising from unequal distribution of wealth; James Madison in Federalist #10, political parties
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Virginia plan
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representation in congress based on population
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3/5 compromise
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representation and taxation based on number of free people plus 3/5 of "all other persons"
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checks and balances
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feature of the constitution that limit's government's power by requiring that power be balanced among different governmental institutions
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Federalists
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supporters of Constitution
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Federalist papers
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collection of 85 articles by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison under the name "publius" to defend Constitution
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Marbury v. Madison
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1803; judicial review! by John Marshall
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social contract
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LOCKE: man lived in a state of nature at some time before recorded history; anarchy; social contract was made with the people and rulers to form a government and live with laws
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unitary government
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all power resides in central government
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intergovernmental relations
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workings of the federal system; interactions among national/state/local governments
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political ideology
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coherent set of beliefs about politics/public policy/public purpose; gives meaning to political events/personalities/ policies
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political party
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team that seeks to control government by gaining office
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critical elections
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new issues emerge; new coalitions replace old ones; majority replaced by minority; national crisis
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McGovern-Fraser commission
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formed at 1968 democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minority and others who sought better representation
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census
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tool for understanding demographic changes; every 10 years
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public opinion
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distribution of the population's beliefs about politics/issues
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polling
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asking a sample of the population questions in a survey
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political spectrum
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visualizing different political positions by placing them on one or more geometric axes symbolizing political dimensions that it models as being independent of one another
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political participation
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all activities used by citizens to influence selection of leaders
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party eras
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historical period in which a majority of voters cling to the party in power
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party realignment
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displacement of majority by minority party
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party dealignment
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disengagement of people and politicians from the parties; shrinking party identification
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delegates
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legislator who mirrors the preferences of constituents
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superdelegates
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national party leaders automatically get a slot at the democratic national convention
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winner-take-all system
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winer of popular vote in a state receives all electoral votes of the state
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party identification
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citizens self-proclaimed preference for a party
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independent
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people who don't claim membership to a party
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patronage
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given for political reasons rather than merit or competence alone
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national convention
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meeting of party delegates every 4 years to choose presidential candidate
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caucus
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meeting of state party leaders to select delegates for national party convention
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party-in-the-electorate
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party membership is in the electorate by claim only
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reasons for 2-party system
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differences in opinions of political policy since birth of nation; bank, constructionism, slavery, white/blue collar`
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single member districts
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single issue groups? interest groups with one interest
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interest group
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organization of peiple with shared policy goals entering policy process to achieve goals
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political action committees
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funding vehicles created by 1974 campaign finance reforms; corporation/union/ interest group registered with federal election commission
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iron triangle
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bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, congressional committees which ahce dominated some areas of domestic policymaking
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issue network
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mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, information, or policy for the others
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groups and democratic theory
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groups are a link between the people and government; democratic in the way they compete
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functions of interest groups
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get legislation passed that conform to their views
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amicus curiae
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legal briefs that provide additional points of view and information
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minor/third parties
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electoral contenders other that 2 main parties; rarely win elections
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ticket-splitting
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voting for different parties on same ballot
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party machines
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political party organizations relies on material inducements (patronage) to win votes and govern
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reason for decline of parties
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young voters, lower voting age, baby boom
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responsible party model
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1. distinct, comprehensive programs to govern 2. candidates must be committed to program and have internal cohesion 3. majority party must implement its programs and minority party must state what it would do if in power 4. majority party must accept responsibility for performance
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party-in-government
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elected officials in government who claim to be a member of the party
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multi-party system
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other democratic nations have this in government
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types of primaries
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closed- must register before, open- can decide which party on election day, blanket- given list of all candidates
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interest groups different than parties
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do not nominate a candidate, but can endorse one
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lobbying
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communication directed at a governmental decision maker with hope of influencing decision
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methods of groups
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lobbying, electioneering (direct group involvement in electoral process), litigation (going to court), going public
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nomination
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official endorsement of candidate by political party; momentum, money, media attention
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presidential primaries
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elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate/ delegate for national party convention
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Iowa caucus
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1st caucus of the year; later caucuses are dependent on the outcome of Iowa
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campaign strategy
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master game plan candidates lay out to guide electoral campaigns
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Super Tuesday
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24 states hold primaries on some Tuesday early in the year
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Federal election campaign act
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1974, campaign finance reform; Federal Election Commission, public financing for presidential primaries/ general elections, limitied campign spending, required disclosure, limit contributions
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soft money
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political contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at grass-roots level, no contribution limits
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Buckley v. Valeo
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SC strict down, as a violation of free speech, part of 1975 Federal election campaign act
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markup session
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amending a bill on the house floor
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appropriations
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funding for programs withing limits established by authorization bills
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seniority system
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rule for picking committee chairs, stopped 1970s, member who served the committee the longest and whose party controlled congress becomes chair
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Rules Committee
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House, reviews all bills (except revenue/budget/ appropriations bills) before go to floor
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Filibuster/cloture rule
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opponents of legislation may talk it to death in senate
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Reynolds v. Sims
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Senate districts are equal in population and each person gets one vote
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legislative veto
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ability of congress to override presidential decision by 2/3 vote
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Congressional staff
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personal staff, committee staff, staff agencies
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Baker v. Carr
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House districts are equal in population and each person gets one vote
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money in congressional elections
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more money=more PACS= more votes
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Wesberry v. Sanders
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districts have to be approximately equal in population
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how congress members vote
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100 Senate, 435 House; each person receives one vote; most vote with their party
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Ways and Means
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tax-writing committee of the House
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presidential primaries
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elections in which voters in a state vote for a candidate/ delegate for national party convention
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Iowa caucus
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1st caucus of the year; later caucuses are dependent on the outcome of Iowa
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campaign strategy
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master game plan candidates lay out to guide electoral campaigns
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Super Tuesday
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24 states hold primaries on some Tuesday early in the year
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Federal election campaign act
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1974, campaign finance reform; Federal Election Commission, public financing for presidential primaries/ general elections, limitied campign spending, required disclosure, limit contributions
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soft money
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political contributions earmarked for party-building expenses at grass-roots level, no contribution limits
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Buckley v. Valeo
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SC strict down, as a violation of free speech, part of 1975 Federal election campaign act
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markup session
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amending a bill on the house floor
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appropriations
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funding for programs withing limits established by authorization bills
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seniority system
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rule for picking committee chairs, stopped 1970s, member who served the committee the longest and whose party controlled congress becomes chair
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Nongermane amendment
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adding an amendment to a bill that does not pertain to the bill, helps it get passed
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power and presidency concepts
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checks and balances
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Congressional/executive relations
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Congress usually supports the actions of the president because it is too hard to oppose him with legislation
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Constitutional powers of president
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veto legislation, appoint justices, commander in chief, make treaties, fill Senate vacancies, state of the union
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civil service
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system of hiring/promotion based on merit
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presidential roles
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chief diplomat, commander in chief, head of state, chief legislator, economic planner, political party leader
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Hatch Act
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prohibits government employees from active participation in partisan politics
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22nd amendment
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limits president to two terms
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types of agencies
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executive and regulatory
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impeachment
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political equivalent of indictment of criminal law; house charges/senate tries
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monetary policy
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study of the supply of money
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National Security Council
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1947, coordinate president's foreign/military advisors: P, VP, sec. of state, sec. of defense, national security advisor
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Discretionary authority
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bureaucrats may select among various responses to a given problem; when standard operating procedures do not fit a case
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Budget and impoundment control act
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governs role of Congress in budget process
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controls on bureaucracy
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layers of bureaucracy, checks and balances, president at top
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pocket veto
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takes place when Congress submits bill within 10 days of adjourning, president lets bill die by neither signing/vetoing
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public presidency
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president often makes public appearances to attract attention and keep public support
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president/media
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press bring president into people's homes
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Senatorial courtesy
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presidential appointment is not confirmed by the Senate if a senator from the appointee's home state votes against him
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Neustadt theory
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power of presidency is to persuade, not command
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Executive order
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regulations originating from executive branch, presidents control bureaucracy
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25th amendment
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order of succession: P, VP, sec. of state, President Pro Tempore, cabinet heads
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modern presidency
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deal with Homeland security, bureaucracy, press, domestic policy
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executive privelege
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power of the president to resist search warrants
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Pendleton Act
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created federal civil service so that hiring and promotion would be based on merit rather than patronage
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White house staff
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cabinets/secretaries/liasions that handle bulk of the work
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Independent agencies
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executive- government not accounted for by cabinet departments/regulatories/govt. corps; appointed by president to do whatever he wants; regulatory- responsible for some sector of economy/ making and enforcing rules in public interest
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Office of Management and Budget
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office that grew out of the Bureau of the Budget (1921) of a handful of political appointees/professionals; mangerial/budgetary functions; has considerable independence
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bureaucratic policymaking
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make policy to facilitate our daily lives
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Council of Economic Advisors
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3-person body that advises president on economic policies
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implementation
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stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects; translating goals and objectives of policy into a program
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cabinet
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group of presidential advisors not mentioned in the constitution
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mandatory spending
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social security, medicare, medicaid, federal paychecks, deficit interst
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distributive policy
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automatically law for the nation
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redistributive policy
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new law must go through channels of state/bureaucracy to make laws applicable to states
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imperial presidency argument
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the presidency has become too powerful
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framers' intent
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constitution should be interpreted as the framers intended it to be
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self-incrimination
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do not have to present information that is detrimental to your case
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plea bargaining
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offering information for a less harsh punishment
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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separate but equal
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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banned most discrimination in employment, public accommodations, EOC
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15th amendment
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vote!
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white primary
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primary elections in the south that only white people could vote in
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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stopped literacy tests
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19th amendment
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woman suffrage
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Jim Crow laws
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advocated separate facilities/segregation
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NAACP
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yay black people!
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de facto segregation
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segregation according to fact/ how we act
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1st amendment
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freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, speech
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incorporation clause
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legal concept under SC; nationalized bill of rights by making most provisions applicable to the states through the 14th amendment
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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banned most discrimination in employment, public accommodations, EOC
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15th amendment
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vote!
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white primary
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primary elections in the south that only white people could vote in
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Voting Rights Act of 1965
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stopped literacy tests
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19th amendment
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woman suffrage
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Jim Crow laws
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advocated separate facilities/segregation
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NAACP
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yay black people!
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de facto segregation
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segregation according to fact/ how we act
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1st amendment
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freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, speech
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incorporation clause
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legal concept under SC; nationalized bill of rights by making most provisions applicable to the states through the 14th amendment
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establishment clause
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congress shall make no law respecting the establishment of religion
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prior restraint
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censoring the press
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symbolic speech
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non spoken word that makes a person's point
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search warrant
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needed to search anything of a person of interest
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5th amendment
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Grand Jury indictment, due process rights, self-incrimination, double jeopardy, eminent domain
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6th amendment
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speedy public trial, jury trial of peers, confront eyewitnesses, attorney
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bill of attainder
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persons guilty of some crime and punishing them without benefit of trial
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sedition
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covert conduct, such as speech and organization, that is deemed by the legal authority as tending toward insurrection against the established order
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Miranda rights
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right that are read to the accused at the time of their arrest
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affirmative action
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reverse discrimination, to right wrongs of the past
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
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escaped slaves in free states had no right of free men
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Brown v. Board of Education
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desegregated schools
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civil rights movements
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racial, gay, female
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poll tax/grandfather clause
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kept blacks from voting in the South
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24th amendment
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stopped poll taxes
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Korematsu v. US
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internment camps were constitutional
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Equal Rights Amendment
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proposed amendment that prohibits discrimination on basis of gender
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Regents of UC v. Bakke
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bars quota system in college admissions but affirms constitutionality of affirmative action programs
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de jure segregation
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according to law
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