Ap Government-Chapter 4

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civil liberties

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THe legal constitutional protections against government. Although our civil liberties are formally set down in the Bill Of Rights, the courts, police, and legislatures define their meaning.

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Bill Of Rights

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The first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution, which define such basic liberties as freedom of religion, speech, and press and guarantee defendants rights.

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First Amendment

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The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly.

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Fourteenth Amendment

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The constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that declares "No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, and property, without due process of la; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

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due process clause

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Part of the fourteenth amendment guaranteeing that persons cannot be deprived of life, liberty, and property by the United States or state governments without due process of law.

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incorporation doctrine

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The legal concept under which Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of provisions applicable to the states through the fourteenth amendment.

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Establishment Clause

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Part of the First Amendment stating that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion."

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free exercise clause

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A first Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion.

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prior restraint

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A government preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press in some nations, but it is usually unconstitutional in the United States , according to the First Amendment and as confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of Near V. Minnesota.

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libel

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The publication of false or malicious statements that damage someone's reputation.

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symbolic speech

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Nonverbal communication, such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment.

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commercial speech

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Communication in the form of advertising. It can be restricted more than many other types of speech but has been receiving increased protection from the Supreme Court.

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probable cause

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The situation occurring when the police have reason to believe that a person should be arrested,. In making the arrest, police are allowed legally to to search for and seize incriminating evidence.

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search warrant

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A written authorization from a court specifying the area to be searched and what the police are searching for.

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exclusionary rule

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The rule that evidence cannot be introduced into a trial if it was not constitutionally obtained. The rule prohibits use of evidence obtained through unreasonable search and seizures.

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unreasonable searches and seizures

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Obtaining evidence in a haphazard or random manner, a practice prohibited by the Fourth Amendment, Probable cause and/or a search warrant are required for a legal and proper search for and seizure of incriminating evidence.

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Fifth Amendment

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A constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without due process of law.

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self-incrimination

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The situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court. The Fifth Amendment forbids involuntary self-incrimination.

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Sixth Amendment

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A constitutional amendment deigned to protect individuals accused of crimes. It includes the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right to a speedy and public trial.

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plea bargaining

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A bargain struck between the defendant's lawyer and the prosecutor to the effect that the defendant will plead guilty to a lessor crime( or fewer crimes) in exchange for the state's promise not to prosecute the defendant for a more serious (or additional) crime.

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Eighth Amendment

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The constitutional amendment that forbids cruel and unusual punishment , although it does not define this phrase. Through the Fourteenth Amendment, this provision applies to the states.

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cruel and unusual punishment

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Court sentences prohibited by the Eighth Amendment. Although Supreme Court has ruled that mandatory death sentences for certain offenses are unconstitutional, it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment.